→ Man → World → School → Work → Death → ? → MARX → Loss of Meaning → ↑Meaning in life: free time Framework: loss & gain State → → → Businessmen Recovery? → Capitalist → → Exploitation/ Suffering → Workers → Class Structure Thesis: Bourgeois (Capitalist) Antithesis: revolution Parts: Replaceable Alienation/ separation → Synthesis: Communist Society → → Worker to the product/ activities No Private Ownership Religion: Opium SOCIALISM: no private individual would own the “means of production” but the community as a whole Wealth and power will be equally shared by all

KARL MARX class struggle between the oppressed and the oppressors there would be collective ownership of the means of production, and then there could be a classless society.

“The trouble with the rat-race is that even if you win, you're still a rat.”

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

SOCIOLOGY Study of group – where interaction process is vital From this process, patterns of behavior evolve Primary focus is not on individuals and individual behavior but on social behavior

HOW DO HUMANS APPEAR ON EARTH?

WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? interested in discovering when, where and why humans appeared on earth, how and why they have changed since then, and how and why modern populations vary in certain physical features

FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY Physical Anthropology: Archeology Cultural Anthropology Scientific Linguistics

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Concerned with physical changes of man race evolution, racial classifications

ARCHEOLOGY The main pieces of evidence for evaluating prehistoric societies are: Fossils Has an organic life Withstood the test of time Artifacts Man-made

MAIN TECHNIQUE OF ARCHEOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Culture: way of life which is learned and transmitted by means of language

To see is to believe. Your friend gave you these 2 plates and it just so happened that this will be your first time to see such foods. Meaning, you are not influenced by your past experiences. Your friend maintained that plate B is the real food. How would you know that the other is not real? What are your grounds that made you claim on such assertion? – A B

SCIENTIFIC LINGUISTICS systematic study of recorded and unrecorded languages all over the world. to know how man was able to communicate with his fellow humans, as a result of which, culture developed.

HOW SOCIOLOGY DEVELOPED

AUGUSTE COMTE idea of positivism reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge only authentic knowledge is that which allows positive verification Society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws.

3 STAGES OF KNOWLEDGE FOR COMTE: Theological or religious stage Metaphysical or abstract reasoning stage Positive or scientific stage

BY MERE OBSERVATION, HOW CAN YOU PROVE TO ME THAT THE WORLD IS NOT FLAT? Renaissance Religion vs. Science Copernicus Galileo

Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, 1 Chronicles 16:30 TRADITIONS (CHURCH): EARTH AS CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, 1 Chronicles 16:30 “the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.” Psalm 104: 5 “the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.” Ecclesiastes 1:5 “and the sun rises and sets and returns to its place” Heliocentrism (telescope) vs. Geocentrism Copernicus: parallax Heresy = imprisoned

PARALLAX (displacement) as the viewpoint moves side to side, CLOSE = faster, FAR = slower. The planet moves faster when nearer the Sun. (kepler)

HERBERT SPENCER human societies evolved from simple forms (primitive societies) to more complex forms (industrial societies). through natural selection, those societies that adapt to their environment and compete successfully will persist (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST). eventually lead to social progress which constituted social justice

EMILE DURKHEIM He believed that individual members of a society live and die, but a certain structure in their activities remain

2 TYPES OF SOCIAL SOLIDARITY MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY Similar tasks ORGANIC SOLIDARITY Variable tasks

MAX WEBER belief systems can affect people’s actions Subjectively and objectively patterns in social action which he classified as value- oriented, goal-oriented actions

RELIGION DIRECTS CAPITALISM As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups, a hierarchy of gods developed and as power in the society became more centralised, the concept of a single, universal God (ethical monotheism) became more popular and desirable.

SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM PLEASURES VS. SUCCESS actions were motivated by a highly moral and respected philosophy

All social relations are creations of human will FERDINAND TOENNIES All social relations are creations of human will

2 TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS WITHIN THE CONTEXTS OF HUMAN WILL Essential Will - Gemeinschaft sympathy Friendship/ community group Arbitrary Will - Gesellschaft activity with regard to the future city and state

GEORGE SIMMEL social network between individuals who are in constant interaction with one another.

ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE-BROWN Primary function of ritual is, by giving expression to the collective “sentiments of a society”, to contribute to social cohesion

TALCOTT PARSONS social systems like the family, religion, education, economics, politics, etc., which can be analyzed in terms of functions. Value-consensus to him refers to an underlying agreement regarding the rules of system to achieve their goals. Action was not to be conceived as completely free but was grounded in and circumscribed by norms and ultimate principles of actions (values).

300 KILOMETRO: ANG PAGLALAKBAY Give an example of a material and non-material culture seen in the video. Reasons a society conform to norms. Cite an example in the video. Forms of social norms: folkways, mores, laws. give an example on each form as seen in the video. What is the significance of having a "VALUE" in the society. Give one major “VALUE” orientation on each society seen in the video. Values held highly by Filipinos. CITE 4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE in connection with the video. Modes of acquiring a culture and relate it in the video. Familiarize yourselves with the following terms: ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, cultural relativism, subcultures, culture shock, culture lag, cultural exchange, acculturation, cultural dualism, cultural universal, and cultural diversity

CULTURE - CIVILIZATION

MATERIAL AND IMMATERIAL CULTURE

NORMS & INTERNALIZATION

NORMS & SANCTIONS POSITIVE SANCTIONS NEGATIVE SANCTIONS PHYSICAL SANCTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL SANCTIONS FORMAL SANCTIONS INFORMAL SANCTIONS

FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS FOLKWAYS MORES LAWS

PROCESS OF CULTURE ADAPTATION PARALLELISM DIFFUSION FISSION CONVERGENCE