Outcome(s) Describe symptoms and prevalence of one disorder from two of the following groups: anxiety disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders Analyze etiologies (in terms of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors) of one disorder form two of the following groups: anxiety disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders Discuss cultural and gender variations in disorders

IA – Data collection due Thursday, 1/5 Agenda Reading Quiz (p. 161-165) Eating Disorders Intro Notes CBS News Video Clip IA – work with group on finalizing procedure, plan for data collection, etc. Homework: Reading – None IA – Data collection due Thursday, 1/5

Turn It In Class ID: 14093774 Password: psych1617

Prevalence of Eating Disorders 2 to 3 percent of women and .02 to .03 percent of men in the U.S. have been diagnosed with bulimia. Frude (1998) male ratio of bulimia approximately 10:1 Binge eating most common Incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia increasing, although public awareness has increased as well Eating disorders more common in industrialized countries 5.79% for bulimia reported in Japan for women ages 15-29 – cultural explanations?

Bulimia Binging and purging Patients report feelings of guilt and disgust when binging Egodystonic behavior: patient experiences symptoms of something distressing that he or she is unable to control Most bulimics have an average BMI, so there are no easily identifiable symptoms Loss of stomach acid causes electrolyte imbalances

Symptoms Affective: feelings of inadequacy, guilt, shame Behavioral: recurrent episodes of binge eating, vomiting, laxatives, exercise, dieting to control weight Cognitive: negative self-image, poor body image, tendency to perceive events as more stressful than most people would, perfectionism Somatic: swollen salivary glands; erosion of tooth enamel, stomach or intestinal problems; in extreme cases: heart problems

Etiology of bulimia nervosa Biological level of analysis Possible genetic diathesis for eating disorders, but research still in early stages Role of serotonin in bulimia Increased serotonin stimulates the medial hypothalamus and decreases food intake Carraso (2000): lower levels of serotonin in bulimic patients Smith et al. (1990): when serotonin levels reduced in recovered bulimic patients, they engaged in cognitive patterns related to eating disorders, such as feeling fat

Cognitive level of analysis Body-image distortion hypothesis (Bruch, 1962): patients suffer from the delusion that they are fat Slade and Brodie (1994): those who suffer from an eating disorder are in fact uncertain about the size and shape of their own body, so they overestimate their body size when compelled to make judgments Gender difference in perception of body images: men select similar figures, women choose ideal and attractive body shapes – women choose thinner body shapes compared to the men (Fallon & Rozin, 1985) Polivy and Herman – cognitive disinhibition: all-or-nothing approach to judging oneself

Sociocultural level of analysis: Perfect body figure according to western culture shifting People constantly comparing themselves to others Role of the media Increase in cultural emphasis on thinness as an ideal body shape Sanders and Bazalgette (1993) analyzed body shapes of popular dolls (Barbie, Sindy, Little Mermaid) – transformed measurements to a woman of average height and found that the dolls have tiny hips and waists, and greatly exaggerated inside leg measurements “Ideal worked-out” male figure now a pressure in the media

Eating Disorders of the Young

Example Consent Form – PUT THIS IN YOUR APPENDIX Group IA Work Example Consent Form – PUT THIS IN YOUR APPENDIX We are performing an experiment as part of our internal assessment for our IB Psychology class. We are investigating __________. We would like you to be part of our experiment. If you agree to take part in this experiment, you should know that: All data obtained will be kept confidential and anonymous You may stop participating in this experiment at any time. You will receive information about the nature of the experiment and our results after we have obtained results. The experiment will take about ____ minutes to complete. I, ___________________, understand the nature of this experiment and agree to participate voluntarily. I give the researchers permission to use my data as part of their experimental study. Signature: _______________________ Date: ______________ Parent Signature: _________________ Date: _____________ (if under 16) Finalize Procedure Determine day to collect data Have all materials together, including: Consent form relevant to your experiment Any surveys/papers you will be giving to the participants Links to videos Timers, etc.