IMPERIALISM IN EGYPT, CHINA, & JAPAN 1840 - 1910

EGYPT & THE SUEZ CANAL Originally France interested in Egypt for strategic location (Red Sea), but Napoleon failed

EGYPT & THE SUEZ CANAL Egypt interested in modernizing like Europe, so figured they need to trade like Europe 1869 - Decided to build manmade waterway that cut through Suez, connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean  SUEZ CANAL

EGYPT & THE SUEZ CANAL Time Saved: 2 weeks Miles Saved: 4,000

EGYPT & THE SUEZ CANAL Had to borrow $$ from France ($450 million!), but found they could not pay back the debt Britain jumped on the chance to oversee financial control of the canal  by 1882 British occupied Egypt Canal was “Lifeline of the British Empire” b/c allowed quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa

REFORM IN CHINA China proud of their culture & many work opportunities  very self-sufficient Not interested in gadgets West was offering; only in agriculture  did not want to trade w/ Europeans But Europeans wanted access to Chinese goods & resources (especially tea)

REFORM IN CHINA Britain determined to find something Chinese wanted to trade…OPIUM! Habit-forming drug; Chinese doctors used it for pain relief for centuries By 1835, 12 million Chinese addicted & rising Qing Emperor asked Britain to stop, but refused  led to OPIUM WAR (1839-1842) British victory, gained island of Hong Kong

REFORM IN CHINA

REFORM IN CHINA Results of Opium War: China divided into spheres of influence Increase in Western trade & influence in Asia Britain gains island of Hong Kong Taiping Rebellion  revolt of the people against the emperor

REFORM IN CHINA Due to Opium addiction, China no longer productive & people hungry Europeans taking advantage of China’s growing problems Had to declare “Open Door Policy” to keep from being divided up & colonized like Africa

REFORM IN CHINA Poor peasants/workers resented foreign influence  formed secret organization, Society of Harmonious Fists (aka Boxers) Wanted to get rid of Qing Dynasty, started BOXER REBELLION Rebellion failed, but nationalism rose; started to travel West to examine government structures

REFORM IN CHINA

JAPAN & MEIJI ERA 1600s, Japan was isolated (“closed door”) 1853 - US Commodore Matthew Perry took ships/ weapons to Japan & demand they open trade  signed Treaty of Kanagawa & opened 2 ports to all Japanese angry & overthrew Tokugawa Shogun

JAPAN & MEIJI ERA New MEIJI ERA rules (“Enlightened”) Figured if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em  adopted European modern ways Knew wouldn’t be taken over now, so decided to become imperialists too Established colonies in China Now Japan & Russia major powers in Asia

JAPAN & MEIJI ERA Both Russia & Japan want Manchuria for natural resources  RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (Japan victory) Japan went after Korea & won  established a protectorate & annexation (direct rule)

FORMS OF IMPERIAL MANAGEMENT & UNITED STATES TERRITORIES & HAWAII

DIRECT RULE vs. INDIRECT RULE Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation European style government COLONY Examples: French colonies German colonies Portuguese Colonies Indirect Rule: Local government officials rule Limited self-rule Goal: develop future leaders European style government, but some local rules COLONY or PROTECTORATE Examples: British colonies U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands

PROTECTORATE vs. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE Country or territory with its own internal government, but under control of an outside power Example: Britain over the Niger River delta Sphere of Influence Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Example: U.S. over Liberia

U.S. TERRITORIES AND HAWAII U.S. acquired Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, & Guam as trading territories 1790s: U.S. interested in Hawaii  port on the way to China and East India 1820s: U.S. sugar plantations took over Hawaii  75% of Hawaii’s wealth U.S. wanted to annex (to bring in) Hawaii so sugar could be sold for greater profit Queen Liliuokalani wanted to rid Hawaii of American sugar planters & take more power  1893 was removed from power 1894: Sanford Dole named new president of Republic of Hawaii 1898: Republic of Hawaii annexed by U.S. (50th state)