Unit Genetic Control of Metabolism

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 20 DNA Technology & Genomics. Slide 2 of 14 Biotechnology Terms Biotechnology Process of manipulating organisms or their components to make useful.
Advertisements

Changing the living world
define genetic engineering
Genetic Engineering define the term recombinant DNA;
LEQ: HOW DO WE SPLICE NEW GENES INTO DNA? 12.1 to 12.7 and
Bacterial Transformation
Key Area : Genetic Control of Metabolism in Micro-organisms Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival.
6/15/2015 The Genetics of Bacteria. 6/15/2015 The Genetics of Bacteria The major component of the bacterial genome is one double-stranded, circular DNA.
Transgenic Organisms.
Biotechniques.
Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA technology. Questions: Name 3 things you know about bacteria. What are some characteristics that make bacteria a good.
Genetic Engineering learning outcomes
Principles and Processes
Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13 – Genetic Engineering Part 2
Topic 6 Growth & Reproduction of Bacteria
Recombinant Plasmids.
GENETIC ENGINEERING (RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY)
PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 13 – GENETIC ENGINEERING TEST REVIEW
In vivo gene cloning. Can you remember... What we mean by in vitro and in vivo?
Restriction enzymes (endonucleases)
Recombinant DNA Technology Bacterial Transformation & GFP.
In vivo gene cloning.
Genetic Engineering Regular Biology. Selective Breeding  This is the process of allowing those organisms with specific characteristics to reproduce 
Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA
RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES CUT AT SPECIFIC SITES & LEAVE STICKY ENDS EcoR1EcoR1 animation Leave “sticky ends” that can be used.
© SSER Ltd.. Gene Technology or Recombinant DNA Technology is about the manipulation of genes Recombinant DNA Technology involves the isolation of DNA.
Genetic Engineering Chapter 13.
Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is also referred to as recombinant DNA technology – new combinations of genetic material are produced by artificially.
Plasmids and Vectors Aims:
+ genetic engineering module 2 – biotechnology & gene technologies.
Chapter 20: Part 1 DNA Cloning and Plasmids
Genetic variation in bacteria Including antibiotic resistance.
Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Test on Friday 03/13/09 Reviewing Content Due 03/12/ and #28.
15 March 2016 Today’s Title: CW: Introduction to genetic engineering Learning Question: what is genetic engineering?
Biotechnology & DNA Technology Genetic Engineering Chapter Pgs Objective: I can describe several different types of biotechnology,
CHAPTER 20 BIOTECHNOLOGY. Biotechnology – the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products Biotechnology is used in all facets.
Ch. 13 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 15.1 Genetic Engineering Selective Breeding.
Aim #68: What are some applications of Genetic Engineering? Genetic Engineering is a process that is used to the alter the genetic instructions in organisms.
Title: Genetic Techniques 1
Chapter 18.1 Contributors of Genetic Diversity in Bacteria.
GENE TECHNOLOGY Objectives: To describe how sections of DNA containing a desired gene can be extracted from a donor organism using enzymes. To explain.
Biotechnology and DNA Technology
Aim: What are some applications of Genetic Engineering?
Genetic Engineering.
Bacterial Transformation
CHAPTER 12 DNA Technology and the Human Genome
GENETIC ENGINEERING Chapter 13.
Selective Breeding and Transgenic Manipulation
Biotechnology & rDNA.
The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology
Biotechnology: Part 1 DNA Cloning, Restriction Enzymes and Plasmids
and PowerPoint “DNA Technology,” from
Genetic Control of Metabolism
Artifical Selection.
Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 20 Biotechnology.
Variation in Organisms
CLONING VECTORS Shumaila Azam.
Genetic control of metabolism
27 November 2018 Today’s Title: CW: Genetic engineering and bacteria
Genetic Engineering Study Guide Review.
What do you think about eating genetically modified foods?
16.1 – Genetic Variation in Bacteria
CHAPTER 13 NOTES Selective breeding - only those animals with desired characteristics reproduce.   Humans use it to take advantage of natural genetic variation.
Transgenic Organisms Ms. Cuthrell.
Metabolism and Survival
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Presentation transcript:

Unit 2 2.7 Genetic Control of Metabolism Higher Biology Unit 2 2.7 Genetic Control of Metabolism

Wild Type Microbes Wild type is the typical form of a species found in nature. A wild type microbe can be selected for use in industry due to it exhibiting a desirable genetic trait. Even with this desirable trait, it may lack other important traits. Scientists try to improve the microbe to include the genetic material for these other traits.

Wild Type Microbes Examples of traits hoped to be gained by strain improvement include; the ability to grow on low cost growth medium genetic stability production of large quantities of secondary metabolites

Wild Type Microbes Wild types of microbes are improved for use in biotechnology by altering the microbe’s genome. This can be done in different ways; Mutagenesis Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA

Mutagenesis Mutagenesis is the creation of mutations. In nature, mutations; are rare occur spontaneously and at random are usually detrimental to the organism

Mutagenesis The rate of mutation can be increased by the use of mutagenic agents. Examples include; radiation e.g. UV light and X rays chemicals such as mustard gas

Mutagenesis On very rare occasions, a mutant allele can arise that confers an advantage to the organism or endows it with a new property that is useful to humans. Therefore, mutagenesis can be useful during industrial processes as a microbe may develop a new property that proves useful to humans.

Mutagenesis Unfortunately, mutated strains of microbes tend to be genetically unstable. This means they sometimes undergo a reverse mutation, reverting to the original (and less useful) wild type. This would be very costly in terms of time and resources. In industry, an improved strain of microbe must be monitored regularly to ensure that it is still in its mutated form before it is used.

Selective Breeding Two parents Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Two parents Fusion of male & female gametes, forming a zygote Offspring show variation Some eukaryotic cells e.g. yeasts One parent No gametes involved Offspring are clones Some eukaryotic cells e.g. yeasts Bacteria

Selective Breeding By deliberately crossing different strains during breeding programmes, scientists are able to produce new strains of microbes. On some occasions, a new strain combines two desirable characteristics, one from each parent.

Selective Breeding

Selective Breeding Horizontal Transfer Although bacteria don’t reproduce sexually, new strains can arise as a result of horizontal transfer of genetic material. During this, plasmids or pieces of DNA can be transferred from one strain to another via a conjugation tube.

Selective Breeding Horizontal Transfer New strains are also produced by bacteria taking up DNA fragments from their environment. Scientists try to produce new strains of useful bacteria by culturing existing strains together in conditions where horizontal transfer of DNA is most likely to occur.

Recombinant DNA This is the transfer of genes from one organism to another (can be of different species). Think: genetic engineering from National 5. This allows bacteria to produce plant or animal proteins e.g. human insulin. The bacterium is said to be artificially transformed.

Enzymes In recombinant DNA, two different types of enzyme are used; restriction endonucleases ligase

Restriction Endonucleases These enzymes are taken from microbes They are used to cut DNA from both the donor and the receiving plasmid They recognise specific sequences of DNA bases called restriction sites

Restriction Endonucleases The same restriction endonuclease must be used to cut both donor and plasmid This ensures the ends of both DNA fragments have DNA bases that are complementary to each other The ends of the cut DNA fragments are described as “sticky”

Restriction Endonucleases The sticky ends of the required gene and plasmid stick together because their DNA bases are complimentary

Ligase These enzymes stick the DNA fragments together. This seals the desired gene into the plasmid Each end of the fragments must have complementary bases

Vectors In recombinant DNA, the gene is transferred by a vector. The vector is usually a plasmid or an artificial chromosome. Artificial chromosomes can transfer much longer DNA sequences

Vectors To be an effective vector, a plasmid must have three features; Restriction site To be an effective vector, a plasmid must have three features; restriction site marker gene origin of replication Origin of replication Marker gene

Restriction site Must be able to be opened with the same restriction endonuclease used to cut open the donor DNA This ensures that the sticky ends of both donor DNA and the plasmid DNA are complementary

Marker gene This gene shows if the cell has taken up the plasmid. It is usually a gene that gives the bacterium resistance to an antibiotic. Any cell that hasn’t taken up the plasmid will die as it has no resistance to the antibiotic

Origin of replication This consists of genes that control self replication of the plasmid It is needed to make many copies of the plasmid (carrying the desired gene) within the bacterial cell.

Recombinant DNA Improvements made to microbes include; Amplifying specific steps in a metabolic pathway or removing inhibitors to increase the yield of desired product. The ability to secrete product into the surrounding medium. This allows it to be collected easily, saving resources. Ensuring it can’t survive in the external environment. This is a safety precaution.

Recombinant Yeast Cells Sometimes there are problems with bacterial cells producing the desired protein e.g. They don't secrete the protein into the surrounding medium They degrade the protein before it can be collected

Recombinant Yeast Cells In these cases, genetically transformed eukaryotic cells e.g. yeast is a preferable option. This is despite eukaryotic cells having more demanding cultural conditions.