Measuring Earth Unit 2 ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

Information regarding Earth’s Spheres Information regarding Earth’s atmosphere can be found on page of the ESRTs 1 and 14

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Information regarding Earth’s Spheres Information regarding Earth’s interior can be found on page of the ESRTs 1 & 10

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Information regarding Earth’s Spheres Information regarding Earth’s hydrosphere can be found on page of the ESRTs 1

Please answer the questions in your notes.

1. 4600°C, 1.2 million atmospheres (+/- 0.2) Answers: 1. 4600°C, 1.2 million atmospheres (+/- 0.2) 2. oxygen 3. Hydrogen, Oxygen 4. -90°C 5. 0°C 6. 12 km

Earth is an oblate spheroid. Shape of the Earth Earth is an oblate spheroid. Earth is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the Equator. ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

Proof of Earth’s Shape Ships sail over the curve of the Earth.

Proof of Earth’s Shape During a lunar eclipse, the Earth’s shadow is curved.

Proof of Earth’s Shape Photos from space.

it looks very, very, very, very, very, very, very ROUND. Although the Earth is oblate, it looks very, very, very, very, very, very, very ROUND.

Size of the Earth Eratosthenes first determined the size of the spherical Earth, 1500 years before Columbus.

Eratosthenes (276 BC – 195 BC) was a Greek mathematician, poet, athlete, geographer, astronomer, music theorist and Mario Cart champion.

Eratosthenes was the first person to calculate the circumference of the spherical earth. Mama Mia! This is a not a good! 7.5o 360o ------------ = ---------- 800 km C ABOUT 3% ERROR Pretty good, don’t ya think? Over 1600 years before Columbus.

40,008 KM 40,076 KM About 42 miles difference. POLAR CIRCUMFERENCE EQUATORIAL CIRCUMFERENCE 40,076 KM 24,887 MILES About 42 miles difference.

Oblate Spheroid Measurements on earth. Satellite data. Gravimeter readings. Gravity readings show that you weigh more at the North Pole than at the Equator, because the poles are closer to the Earth’s center.

Topographic maps show the elevation (therefore the shape) of the land. What is the purpose? Topographic maps show the elevation (therefore the shape) of the land.

Who uses topographic maps? the military miners police farmers

When might someone use a topographic map? building homes plan a hiking trip landscaping road building

Contour Interval? 25

Contour Interval? 20 Elevation of "A"? 540 Elevation of "B"? 580

619

What do hachured lines show? areas of depression

concerning hachured lines? What are the rules concerning hachured lines? first hachured line has same elevation as previous contour line

top of the page, what direction 300 m Use elevations! 250 m If north is at the top of the page, what direction is this river flowing? south

V Notice that the contour lines bend up stream (up the hill) when they cross a creek or a river.

Oatka Creek flows NORTH Can a river flow north? Oatka Creek flows NORTH V We’re here.

Can a river flow north? South North

Can a river flow north? yes!

Name two ways that you can determine which way a river flows on a topographic map. contour lines point upstream rivers flow downhill

What are the steps to draw a topographic profile place a piece of paper between the points mark where every contour line touches the edge of the paper determine the elevation of each mark place the paper on the graph and mark the elevation of each contour line

Using the map and chart below, construct a topographic map profile.

Please match the contour map on the left with the profile on the right.

Topographic Maps---Distance Between Points What is the distance, in kilometers, from Kingston to Oswego? 266 km What is the distance, in miles, from Plattsburgh to Jamestown? 342 miles

115 miles gradient = change in elevation distance = 1634-282 115 miles The elevation of Albany is 282 feet. The elevation at Binghamton is 1634 feet. Calculate the gradient to the nearest tenth of a ft/mi. Show all work. 115 miles gradient = change in elevation distance = 1634-282 115 miles = 1352 ft 115 miles = 11.8 ft/mile

gradient = change in elevation distance The elevation of Watertown is 99m. The elevation at Oswego is 144m. Calculate the gradient to the nearest tenth of a m/km. Show all work. gradient = change in elevation distance = 144 - 99 75 km = 45 m 75 km = 0.6 m/km

gradient = change in temperature distance If the distance between the two circled cities is 425 km, calculate the temperature gradient to the nearest hundredth? Show all work. gradient = change in temperature distance = 82-48 425 = 34 425 = 0.08 °F/km

Latitude & Longitude Measuring Earth Notes ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

Let’s Look at This Question: How is latitude measured?

To get to the next line of latitude, you must move 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H To get to the next line of latitude, you must move in which of two directions? Latitude Equator

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H North South

Latitude is measured and from the North South Equator

Lines run east and west but measure north and south; like on a football field. TOUCHDOWN

Let’s Look at This Question: How is longitude measured?

To get to the next line of longitude, you must move 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H To get to the next line of longitude, you must move in which of two directions? Prime Meridian

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H West East

Longitude is measured and from the East West Prime Meridian

Longitude and Latitude

Let’s do some plotting.

On the coordinate system, plot the coordinates given in your notes: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H D A B C

State the coordinates for each of the letters in the figure above: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 45 75 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H 20°N, 75°E 65°N, 50°W 70°S, 15°E 10°S, 135°W

BASED ON THE ____________ LATITUDE ALTITUDE BASED ON THE OF BASED ON THE ____________ OF _______________ Demo POLARIS

POLARIS

LATITUDE = ALTITUDE

POLARIS CAN ONLY BE SEEN IN THE HEMISPHERE NORTHERN

25°N, 100°W Altitude of Polaris 25°

30°S, 100°E Altitude of Polaris Can't be seen!

80°S, 65°W Altitude of Polaris Can't be seen!

45°N, 105°E Altitude of Polaris 45°

LONGITUDE BASED ON EARTH’S BASED ON ROTATION

LONGITUDE EACH HOUR, EARTH ROTATES (360°/24hrs) 15°

Global Positioning System GPS Global Positioning System

HOW MANY TIME ZONES?

HOW MANY TIME ZONES? 24 TIME ZONES 15° APART

People on the same line of longitude have the same Local Time

Example: Two students record a difference in local time of two hours. How many degrees of longitude apart are they? 15° x 2 hours = 30°