Growth and Development

MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

What and Who?????? Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans.

Heirarchy of Needs According to Abraham Maslow, The lower needs in the hierarchy must be met before a person can strive to meet the higher needs.

Five Levels of the Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs Security Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-actualizing Needs

Physiological Needs These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met.

Security Needs These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods and shelter from the environment.

Social Needs These include needs for belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community or religious groups.

Esteem Needs After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment.

Self-actualizing Needs This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested in fulfilling their full potential.

Infancy – birth to 1 year Physical growth - This is the time that has the most dramatic and rapid changes in growth and development. A newborn baby usually weights 6-8 pounds and measures 18-22 inches at birth By the end of the first year of life, weight has usually tripled to 18-24 pounds and height has increased to 29-30 inches

Infancy – birth to 1 year The muscular and nervous systems are very immature at birth. Certain reflex actions present at birth allow the infant to respond to the environment. These include the Moro, or startle reflex to a loud noise or sudden movement; the rooting reflex in which a slight touch on the cheek causes the mouth to open and the head to turn; the sucking reflex caused by a slight touch on the lips; and the grasp reflex in which infants can grasp an object placed in the hand.

Infancy and Muscle Coordination Develops in stages At first infants are able to lift the head slightly. By 2 months they can usually roll from side to back. By 4 – 5 months they can turn the body completely around, take objects that are handed to them, and hold head up with support. By 6-7 months infants can sit unsupported for several minutes, grasp moving objects, and crawl on stomach By 12 months infants frequently can walk without assistance, grasp objects with the thumb and fingers, and throw small objects.

infancy By the end of the first year most infants have 10 – 12 teeth. At birth vision is poor but by age 1 vision is good and infant can focus on objects.

Mental Development of Infant Newborns respond to discomforts such as pain, cold, or hunger by crying. As infants respond to stimuli in the environment, learning activities grow. At birth they are unable to speak but by 6months infants understand some words and can make basic sounds; by 12 months, infants understand many words and may use single words in their vocabs

Emotional Development Newborns show excitement. By 4 – 6 months of age, distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear can often be seen By 12 months elation and affection for adults is evident Events that occur during the first year of life when these emotions are first exhibited can have a strong influence on an individuals emotional behavior during adulthood

Social Development Social development progresses from self-centeredness to the recognition of others in the environment. By 4 months of age, infants recognize their caregivers, smile readily, and stare intently at others. By 6 months of age, infants watch the activities of others, show signs of possessiveness, and may become shy or withdraw when in the presence of strangers, but they socialize freely with familiar people, and mimic and imitate gestures, facial expressions, and vocal sounds.

Infancy Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs. Food, cleanliness, and rest are essential for emotional and social growth. Stimulation is essential for mental growth.

Early Childhood 1 – 6 years old Physical development: By age 6 the average weight is 45 pounds and the average height is 46 inches Skeletal and muscle development helps the child assume a more adult appearance. Legs and lower body tend to grow more rapidly than the head, arms and chest. Muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, and move more freely. Child learns to write, draw and use a fork and knife By age 2-3 most teeth have erupted and the digestive system is mature enough to handle most adult foods. Most are potty trained by 2-4 years of age

Early Childhood – Mental Devel Verbal growth progresses from the use of several words at age 1 to a vocab of 1,500 to 2,500 words at age 6. 2 year olds have short attention spans but are interested in many different activities Four year olds ask frequent questions and usually recognize letters and some words. Begin to make decisions based on logic rather than trial and error. By 6 children are very verbal and want to learn how to read and write. Memory has developed to the point where the child can make decisions based on both past and present experiences

Early Childhood – Emotional Devel At ages 1-2, children begin to develop self awareness and to recognize the effect they have on other people and things. Limits themselves to safety Get frustrated easily and throw tantrums Don’t like change From ages 4 – 6 they begin to gain control over their emotions. Understand concept of right and wrong By age of 6 they get less frustrated when dealing with new issues because they have learned ways to deal and handle them

Early Childhood – social devel Earlier years they are strongly attached to parents/gaurdians Enjoy company of others but are still possessive. Learning to trust other people 6 year olds find that their own friends (own age) are important to them The needs of early childhood still include food, rest, shelter, protection, love, and security. Still need routine, order, and consistency in their daily lives. Must be held responsible and learn how to conform to rules.

Late childhood – ages 6 – 12 also known as pre-adolescence Physical development – weight gain averages 5 – 7 pounds a year and height usually increases 2 – 3 inches per year. Muscle coordination is well developed, and children can engage in physical activities that require complex motor sensory coordination. During this age, most of the primary teeth are lost, and permanent teeth erupt. Eyes are well developed and visual acuity is at its best During ages 10-12 sexual maturation begins in some children

Late childhood – metal development Much of child's life centers around school Speech skills develop more completely and reading and writing skills are learned. Children learn to use info to solve problems They begin to understand abstract concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values, and morals. Can make better judgements

Late childhood – emotional devel Continues to achieve a greater independence and a more distinct personality. At age 6 children are often frightened and uncertain as they begin school. Parents should reassure child to help build self confidence. Emotions are slowly brought under control and dealt with By ages 10-12 sexual maturation and changes in body functions can lead to periods of depression followed by periods of joy. These emotional changes can cause children to be restless, anxious, and difficult to understand

Late Childhood – social devel Seven year olds like activities they can do by themselves and do not usually like group activities. They want approval from parents 8-10 are more group oriented, and formally form groups of their own gender. Toward the end they make friends more easily and become aware of opposite sex Depend less on parents

Adolescence – ages 12-20 (often a traumatic life stage) Physical devel- physical changes occur most dramatically in the early period. A sudden growth spurt can cause rapid increases in weight and height. Weight gains of up to 25 pounds and height increase of several inches can occur in a period of months. Muscle coordination does not advance as quickly. Leads to awkwardness and clumsiness Growth spurt occurs anywhere from 11 – 13 in girls and 13 – 14 in boys. Most obvious physical changes in adolescents relate to the development of the sexual organs and the secondary sexual characteristics frequently called puberty.

Physical devel Secretion of sex hormones leads to the onset of menstruation in girls and the production of sperm and semen in boys. Secondary sexual characteristics in females include growth of pubic hair, development of breast and wider hips, and distribution of body fat leading to the female shape. The male develops a deeper voice; attains more muscle mass and broader shoulders; and grows pubic, facial, and body hair.

Adolescence – 12-20 Mental Devel Mental development primarily involves an increase in knowledge and a sharpening of skills. Adolescents learn to make decisions and to accept responsibility for their actions. At times, this causes conflict because they are treated as both children and adults, or are told to “grow up” while being reminded that they are “still children.”

Adolescence 12-20 – Emotional devel Emotional development is often stormy and in conflict. Trying to establish their identities and independence Often uncertain and insecure Worry about appearance, their abilities, and their relationships with others. Toward the end, self identity has been established. At this point, teens feel more comfortable with who they are and turn attention toward what they may become Gain more control of their feelings and become more mature emotionally

Adolescence 12-20 – Social Devel Social development usually involves spending less time with family and more time with peer groups Begin to develop self identity and independence Seek security in groups of people their own age who have similar problems and conflicts Toward the end, develops a more mature attitude and begin to develop patterns of behavior that they associate with adult behavior or status

Adolescence 12-20 In addition to basic needs, adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding. Many problems that develop during this stage can be traced to the conflict and feelings of inadequacy and insecurity that adolescents experience. Examples include eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide. These signs happen in other stages but more frequently in this stage

Early Adulthood 20-40 Physical Physical development is basically complete, muscles are well developed and strong, and motor coordination is at its peak. This is also the prime childbearing time and usually produces the healthiest babies. Both male and female sexual development is at its peak

Early Adulthood 20-40 – Mental Devel Many young adults pursue additional education to establish and progress in their chosen careers. The young adult often deals with independence, makes career choices, establishes a lifestyle, selects a marital partner, starts a family and establishes values, all of which involve making many decisions and forming many judgments.

Early Adulthood 20-40 – Social Devel Social development frequently involves moving away from the peer group, and young adults instead associate with others who have similar ambitions and interests, regardless of age. The young adult often becomes involved with a mate and forms a family. Young adults do not necessarily accept traditional sex roles, and frequently adopt nontraditional Example::::: males fill positions as nurses and secretaries, and females enter administrative or construction work.

Middle Adulthood – 40-65 Physical Devel Hair begins to gray and thin, skin begins to wrinkle, muscle tone tends to decrease, hearing loss starts, visual acuity declines, and weight gain occurs. Females exp menopause Male hormones decrease Except in cases of injury, disease, or surgery males never lose the ability to produce sperm or reproduce

Middle Adulthood – 40-65 Mental Devel Mental ability can continue to increase during middle age, a fact that has been proven by the many individuals in this life stage who seek formal education. Acquired an understanding of life and have learned to cope with many different stresses Confident in decision making and analyzing

Middle Adulthood – 40-65 Emotional Devel Middle age can be a period of contentment and satisfaction, or it can be a time of crisis. The emotional foundation of precious life stages and the situations that occur during middle age determine emotional status during this period. Job stability, financial success, and the end of child rearing, and good health due to disease prevention can all contribute to emotional satisfaction. Stress created by job loss, fear of aging, loss of youth and vitality, illness, marital problems, or problems with children or aging parents can contribute to emotional feelings of depression, insecurity, anxiety, and even anger

Middle Adulthood – 40-65 Social Development Family relationships may see a decline as children begin lives of their own and parents die. Relationships between husband and wife can become stronger as they have more time together and opportunities to enjoy success. Divorce rates are also high in this group because many couples have remained together for the children’s sake and separate after the children leave home. Friendships are usually with people who have the same interests and lifestyles

Late Adulthood – ages 65 and up Terms associated with this age group include elderly, senior citizens, golden ager, and retired citizen. People are living longer and the number of people in this age group is increasing daily

Late Adulthood – ages 65 and up – Physical devel On the decline All body systems are usually affected Skin dry, wrinkled, and thinner. Brown or yellow spots appear. Hair thin Bones are brittle and break more easily Body begins to stoop Muscle loss and and tone strength decline leading to fatigue and poor coordination. A decline in the function of nervous system leads to hearing loss, decreased visual acuity, and decreased tolerance for temps that are too hot or too cold Memory loss occurs Heart is less efficient and circulation decreases. Kidney and bladder less efficient. Sob occurs It is important to know that these changes occur slowly over a long period of time. Due to better health and better living conditions, many individuals do not show physical changes of aging until their seventies or eighties

Late Adulthood – ages 65 and up – Mental Devel Mental abilities vary Some 90 year olds remain alert and well oriented, while other show decreased mental capacities Many can remember things that happened over 20 years ago but not yesterdays events Alzheimers disease can lead to irreversible memory loss, deterioration of intellectual functions, speech and gait disturbances, and disorientation Arteriosclerosis, a thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, can also decrease the blood supply to the brain and cause a decrease in mental abilities

Late Adulthood – ages 65 and up – emotional devel Emotional stability varies among individuals in this age group Some elderly people cope well with stresses presented by aging and remain happy and able to enjoy life Others become lonely, frustrated, withdrawn and depressed.

Late Adulthood – ages 65 and up – social devel Retirement can lead to a loss of self esteem, especially if work is strongly associated with self identity; “I am a teacher” instead of “I am Sandra Jones.” Less contact with coworkers and a more limited circle of friends occur Death of spouse or moving to a new environment causes changes in social relationships Senior centers, golden age groups, churches, and other org help provide the elderly with the opportunity to find new social roles Needs of this life stage are the same as those of all other life stages. In addition to basic needs, the elderly need a sense of belonging, self esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love

Death And Dying Death is often referred to as the final stage of growth. It is experienced by everyone and cannot be avoided. In our society, the young tend to ignore its existence. It is usually the elderly, having lost spouses and/or friends, who begin to think of their own deaths.

Terminal Illness When a patient is told that he or she has a terminal illness, a disease that cannot be cured and will result in death, the patient may react in different ways. Some patients react with fear and anxiety. They fear pain, abandonment, and loneliness. They fear the unknown. They become anxious about their loved ones and about unfinished work or dreams. Anxiety diminishes in patients who feel they have had full lives and who have strong religious beliefs regarding life after death. Some patients view death as a final peace. They know it will bring an end to loneliness, pain, and suffering

5 stages of grieving Dr. Kubler-Ross has identified five stages of grieving that dying patients and their families/friends may experience in preparation for death. The stages may not occur in order, and they may overlap or be repeated several times. These stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depressions, and acceptance.

denial Denial is the “No not me” stage. Usually occurs when a person is first told of a terminal illness. It occurs when the person cannot accept the reality of death or when the person feels loved ones cannot accept the truth. They may make statements such as, “That Dr doesn’t know what he’s talking about Some patients seek 2nd opinions

Anger Anger occurs when the patient is no longer able to deny death. They make statements such as “Why Me!!!!! Patients may strike out at anyone who comes in contact with them and become very hostile and bitter.

Bargaining Bargaining occurs when patients accept death but want more time to live. Frequently this is a period when patients turn to religion and spiritual beliefs. At this point the will to live is strong, and patients fight hard to achieve goals set. They want to see children graduate or get married. Patients make promises to God to obtain more time

Depression Depression occurs when patients realize that death will come soon and they will no longer be with their families or be able to complete their goals. They may express these regrets or they may withdraw and become quiet. They experience great sadness, and, at times, overwhelming despair.

Acceptance Acceptance is the final stage. Patients understand and accept the fact that they are going to die. Patients may complete unfinished business and try to help those around them deal with the oncoming death. Gradually patients separate themselves from the world and other people. At the end, they are at peace and can die with dignity. During this final stage, patients still need emotional support and the presence of others.