** Capitalist Revolution “2nd Industrial Revolution” & “The Gilded Age” 1860s 1870 1890 1900 ** Capitalist Revolution Important things to understand about this era in U.S. History: ** Time of Individualism 1862 - Legislation developing the West: Homestead Act, Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act 1870’s and 1880’s - Settling the Plains 1860’s and 1870’s - “Rise of Big Business” – Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, etc. 1870’s to 1890’s - American Politics / an Age of Corruption & the Political Urban Machine

Henry George Has Industrialization Produced More Benefits or More Problems for the Nation?

Rise in Recreation Opportunities Ashley

Benefits from Electricity The average work week declines: 69.7 hours per week in 1860 (includes farming) 61.7 hours in 1890 54.9 hours in 1910 ** Eventually, more recreation & longer days of activity!! Reasons: Electrically powered assembly line More consistent form of energy & lighting Multiple working shifts

Rise of Popular Entertainment People divide their time between “work and going home” and “going out.” Amusement Parks Vaudeville and ragtime “Saloon Culture” New York’s Coney Island

Urban Planning - Creating “havens” in the middle of busy cities to improve “live-ability.” Frederick Law Olmsted created New York’s Central Park Daniel Burnham created Chicago’s Navy Pier

More Leisure and Snacks - Susan B. Anthony once said, … “I think bicycling has done more to emancipate the woman than anything else in the world … it gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance.” - Bicycle becomes safer … - Tennis arrives to America in 1874 … - Hershey’s Chocolate Bar … - Coca-Cola … Swift Safety Bicycle

Revolution in Printing - Revolution in printing led to an increase in literacy to 90% - Various advances in printing … - Linotype - Paper from pulp - Printing on both sides of paper - Increased proliferation of various print media … - Mass circulation of newspapers … Pulitzer vs. Linotype Machine Randolph Hearst

A New “Mass” or “Popular” American Culture ** Why A Popular, Mass Culture? ** Mark Twain … Ashley

Why A Popular, Mass Culture? - (1) Greater Urban culture - Greater concentration of people - (2) Less work-time - The average work week declines: - 69.7 hours per week in 1860 (includes farming) - 61.7 hours in 1890 - 54.9 hours in 1910 - (4) Rise of Marketing / Advertising - (5) More Discretionary Income * GNP per capita * Percentage of Income on Food - 1870 - $531 - 1870 - 32% - 1890 - $836 - 1890 - 29% - 1910 - $1,299 - 1910 - 25% - (3) Mandatory Public Education - (6) Greater Publishing

Expanding Public Education - What were the major changes to public education between 1865 and 1895?

Expanding Public Education (continued) - Making school mandatory … - Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks of school attendance between the ages of 8 and 14. - Kindergartens increase in number from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900.

Expanding Public Education (continued) - Loyal to the capitalist system … - Prepared for work in the industrial era, with the following practices: - (1) Regimentation … - (2) Carnegie units …

Expanding Public Education (continued) - Curriculum changes to include … - And vocational subjects … - “Americanization” of immigrants…