ALL ABOUT VERBS GRAMMAR SUMMARY

WHAT IS A VERB? A verb is a word that describes an action (talk, bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become) or a state of being (be, exist, stand). The verb is the most important part of speech , we cannot form a sentence without one.

THE INFINITIVE The infinitive is the basic form of every verb. The infinitive of every verb is often formed with "to“ (to walk, to talk, to eat, to sing, to cry). Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not.“ I decided not to go. WE USE INFINITIVES: After many adjectives. It's difficult to get up early. To show purpose. I came to London to study English. Some verbs are followed by the infinitive with to, for example: verbs of thinking and feeling (choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember) verbs of saying (agree, promise, refuse) other common verbs(arrange, attempt, help, manage, try, want)

THE GERUND Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns.  The gerund is the base form of the verb + ing. WE USE GERUNDS: Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject or object of a sentence: I don't like writing. If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund: I will call you after arriving at the office. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects, for example: verbs of liking and disliking (dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love) verbs of saying and thinking (admit, consider, deny, imagine, remember, suggest) other common verbs (avoid, begin, finish, keep, miss, start, stop)

PHRASAL VERBS A phrasal verb is a verb made up of a verb and another word (a preposition or an adverb). A phrasal verb has a different meaning to the verb used in the phrasal verb. 

TYPES OF THE VERBS There are 3 different types of the verbs: main verbs: most of all verbs belong to this group. They can stand on their own in a sentence. Main verbs are the actions words in a sentence. auxiliaries (helping verbs): verbs (to be, to do and to have) that do not carry meaning on their own and stand together with main verbs. These verbs  (to be, to do and to have) can be both auxiliaries and main verbs. If they stand together with another main verb, they function as auxiliaries. modal verbs: a modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express ability, possibility, permission, and obligation (can, must, may, might, will, would, should).

AUXILIARIES (BE, HAVE, DO) Auxiliaries or helping verbs be, have, do are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information: to be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been to have: have, has, had to do: do, does, did Helping verbs + main verbs = verb phrases. Has + jumping = has jumping Are + working = are working The main verb is always the last verb in the phrase.

MODAL VERBS All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. They are used with other verbs to change the "mood" of the main verb (to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so on).

VERB TENSES Verb tenses are tools that we use to express time: past, present, future. Each tense has 4 forms: simple, perfect, continuous and perfect continuous. There are 12 English tenses (see the table on the next slide).

THE RULES FOR TENSES WE’VE STUDIED

IRREGULAR VERBS Most verbs have past tense and past participle in –ed (worked, played, listened). But many of the most frequent verbs are irregular. There isn’t one rule (like –ed) we can learn for them. They don’t follow the pattern. To avoid making mistakes with irregular verbs, we need to learn very long list 

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE If you are active, you are doing something. In a sentence in active voice, the subject of the sentence is doing the verb. The lady played the piano. If you are passive, something is done to you. In a sentence in passive voice, the subject of the sentence is having the action of the verb done to it by something else. The piano was played by the lady. Active voice The lion ate the mouse. subject+verb+object Passive voice The mouse was eaten by the lion. object+verb+subject

THE RULES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE The classic formula for the passive voice: “to be” verb + main verb in the past participle (3rd form) + the word by Active voice: I write a letter. Passive voice: I letter is written by me. We can use the passive voice for all tenses. “To be” changes tense, main verb always is in the past participle (3rd form).

CONDITIONALS Conditionals are sentences with two clauses – an “if” clause and a main clause – that are closely related. Conditional sentences are often divided into different types:

THAT’S ALL! THANK YOU!