Civilisation des Etats-Unis 12a: Post-War America

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Civilisation des Etats-Unis 12a: Post-War America Prof. Sämi LUDWIG UHA Mulhouse

Post-War Politics o Republican Congress. Slogan “Had Enough Post-War Politics o Republican Congress. Slogan “Had Enough?” o 1946 Truman vetoes anti-labor law • Taft-Hartley Act: 60 day “cooling off period” 1946 Churchill: “The Iron Curtain has descended upon the continent.” o “Containment” policy • GB on verge of bankruptcy • Communists in Greece, colonies o 1947 Truman Doctrine • $400 mio. aid to Greece and Turkey • military and economic aid beyond Western hemisphere

1947 Marshall Plan Secretary of State George C 1947 Marshall Plan Secretary of State George C. Marshall against economic instability • Senator Vandenberg: “help stop World War III before it starts” • giant “international WPA” • $17 billion in 4 years 1948 “European Recovery Act” • Point Four: technology, development aid ⇒ “brain drain”

1948 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1948 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization o Eisenhower is supreme commander Miracle of 1948: Truman re-elected against Dewey o Republican “Do Nothing” congress

1949 “Fair Deal” o Southern conservative Democrats kill off 1949 “Fair Deal” o Southern conservative Democrats kill off civil rights legislation • but military integrated o Republicans kill off new farm subsidies • but minimum wage of 75 cents Asia: o 1946 Independence of Philippines o reform Japan, occupation commander General Douglas MacArthur - destroy old Japan: democratic constitution -> keep Emperor a symbol of national unity o 1947 Communist China 1949 Nationalists retreat to Formosa (Taiwan)

1950-1953 Korean War - Soviets and US occupy North and South Korea 1950-1953 Korean War - Soviets and US occupy North and South Korea o dividing line 38° latitude = 38th Parallel 1949 both withdraw troops, but North has well-trained army 1950 North invades South = aggression

Douglas MacArthur UN commander in chief Russians boycotted Security Council of UN • MacArthur moves north • encounters Chinese “volunteers”: pushed south • asks for atomic bomb - very unpopular war: “Truman’s War” - even draft boards resist, ask for bomb - MacArthur writes to Republican House minority leaders • 1951 dismissed from Korea and Japan • hero’s welcome; address to Congress “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away” - 1952 Americans push back north - 1953 cease-fire