Phnom Penh International University (PPIU) 8/25/2018 សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភ្នំពេញអន្តរជាតិ Phnom Penh International University Quality Excellence Innovation o Computer Literacy 2013-2014

Chapter 1 Computer History Phnom Penh International University (PPIU) 8/25/2018 Chapter 1 Computer History

Information Processing Cycle Computer Application in Societies Objectives After this chapter, students would be able to: Computer Definition Information Processing Cycle Computer Application in Societies History of Computer Computer Generations A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processors (called "cores"), which are the units that read and execute program instructions. The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do. The instructions are very basic things like reading data from memory or sending data to the user display, but they are processed so rapidly that human perception experiences the results as the smooth operation of a program. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.

Information Processing Cycle What Is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. Collects data (input) Processing Produces information (output) Information Processing Cycle

Information Processing Cycle

Computers are everywhere

Computer Interconnection

Examples of Computer Usage Home User Personal financial management Web access Communications Entertainment Small Office/Home Office User Look up information Send and receive e-mail messages Make telephone calls Mobile User Connect to other computers on a network or the Internet Transfer information Play video games Listen to music Watch movies

Examples of Computer Usage cont’… Power User Work with multimedia Use industry-specific software Enterprise User Communicate among employees Process high volumes of transactions Blog

Computer Applications in Society Education Finance Government Health Care

Computer Applications in Society Cont’… Science Publishing Travel Manufacturing

Representation of an Inca quipu Abacus Representation of an Inca quipu Chinese abacus Roman abacus Japanese abacus Native American abaci Russian abacus School abacus Binary abacus

History cont’… 1614 - John Napier develops method for performing calculations using Algorithm In 1822 Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method of finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for multiplication and division.

Chapter 1 Cont’ … 1642- Blaise Pascal built the first mechanical adding machine in based on a design described calculator is still used today in water meters and modern-day odometers. Instead of having a carriage wheel turn the gear, he made each ten-teeth wheel accessible to be turned directly by a person's hand (later inventors added keys and a crank), with the result that when the wheels were turned in the proper sequences, a series of numbers was entered and a cumulative sum was obtained. The gear train supplied a mechanical answer equal to the answer that is obtained by using arithmetic. 14 14

Pascaline Machine 15

1828 - Augusta Ada Byron Introduce Programming Language. History cont’… 1822 - Charles Babbage originated the modern analytic computer, he invented the principle of the analytical engine, the forerunner of the modern electronic computer. 1828 - Augusta Ada Byron Introduce Programming Language. In 1822 Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method of finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for multiplication and division. 16 16

Different Engine 1822 Charles Babbage

Chapter 1 Cont’ … 1844 - George Boole As the inventor of Boolean logic, the basis of modern digital computer logic Boole is regarded in hindsight as a founder of the field of computer sciences. 1860 - Augustus De Morgan defined the term mathematical induction putting a process of gate.

George Boole

1st Generation (1941-1956) The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century(1941- 1956). The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.

Zuse Z3 (1941)

1st Generation cont’… World War gave rise to numerous developments and started off the computer age Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) .

1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

ENIAC Cont’…

1st Generation cont’… It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors. It was developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly and was a general purpose computer.

Vacuum Tube

1st Generation cont’… Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

1945, EDVAC

1st Generation cont’… 1949 , EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (Von Neumann British) architecture.

1949, EDSAC

1st Generation cont’… Then in 1951 came the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I), designed by Remington rand and collectively owned by US census bureau and General Electric.

1951,UNIVAC I

1952, UNIVAC

2nd Generation (1956-1963) The invention of Transistors marked the start of the second generation(1956-1963).

Transistor

2nd Generation cont’… Second generation computers also started showing the characteristics of modern day computers with utilities such as printers, disk storage and operating systems.

Phnom Penh International University (PPIU) 8/25/2018 2nd Generation cont’… High-level languages such as COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) were used, and they are still used for some applications nowadays. In Second Generation computers, the instructions (program) could be stored inside the computer's memory.

The Integrated Circuit(IC) was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby. 3rd Generation (1964-1971) The Integrated Circuit(IC) was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby.

Jack Kilby's original integrated circuit

3rd Generation cont’… It combined electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz. More advancement made possible the fittings of even more components on a small chip or a semiconductor. 41

Semiconductor IBM System/360 MOSFET Semiconductor

4th Generation (1971-1990) The Size started to go down with the improvement in the integrated circuits. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) It reduced the size and price of the computers at the same time increasing power, efficiency and reliability.

Very Large Scale Integration

4th Generation cont’… The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip. It reduced the size and price of the computers at the same time increasing power, efficiency and reliability.

Intel 4004

4th Generation cont’… First came the minicomputers, which offered users different applications, most famous of these the word processors and spreadsheets, which could be used by non-technical users.

4th Generation cont’… Video game systems like Atari 2600 generated the interest of general populace in the computers. 48

4th Generation cont’… In 1981, IBM introduced personal computers for home and office use. "The number of personal computers in use more than doubled from 2 million in 1981 to 5.5 million in 1982.

4th Generation cont’… Ten years later, 65 million PCs were being used. It went down from Desktop to laptops to Palmtops. Macintosh introduced Graphic User Interface in which the users didn‘t have to type instructions but could use Mouse for the purpose. 50

4th Generation cont’… The continued improvement allowed the networking of computers for the sharing of data. Local Area Networks(LAN) and Wide Area Network(WAN), were potential benefits, in that they could be implemented in corporations and everybody could share data over it.

4th Generation cont’… Soon the internet and World Wide Web appeared on the computer scene and fermented the Hi- Tech revolution of 90's. 52

5th Generation (1990-Present) These computers will be under Artificial Intelligence (AI), They will be able to take commands in a audio visual way and carry out instructions.