Rise of Civilization Early Humans

6-1.1 Early Humans/Nomads

The Paleolithic Age 2.5 million B.C.-8000 B.C.

Paleolithic Age=Old Stone Age Old Stone Age – a time from about 2.5 million years ago to about 10,000 years ago where little progress was made Discoveries: Fire Stone tools (rough surfaces and uneven cutting edges)

Hunter-Gatherer Communities The first humans were nomads who continually traveled in search for food. Nomad – person who migrated (move) from place to place in search of food and water

Ugh…Me so Hungry!

Migrate - People move to new places They migrated to follow the animal herds for meat and other uses. They gathered fruits, nuts, tubers also for their diet. Migrate - People move to new places   Bands migrated when food (plants or animals) became scarce in one location. We’re outta here! Yaba-daba-doo!

Hunter-Gatherer Communities As these hunter-gatherer communities developed better ways of doing things, they began to develop into the world’s earliest civilizations. Hunter-gatherer community – community in which the men hunted animals for food, clothing, and shelter, and the women gathered fruit and berries for food, dyes, and paint.

Roles of Men and Women Hunted for large animals The animals they killed provided meat for food, bones for tools, and hides for clothing. Searched for shelter Learned about animals and how to hunt them Developed tracking methods Killed prey at first with clubs then later with spears and traps Gathered berries, nuts and grains in meadows near the camp Fruit and berries that they gathered were used for food, paints and dyes. Looked after the children

Adapting To The Natural Environment Hunter-gatherers had to adapt to the natural environment in order to survive.

ADAPTING TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Adapt - To adjust or change to new situations and environment. Natural Environment - The climate, weather, and natural resources where a person lives that affects human survival. Hunter-Gatherers - used simple tools made of stone, bone, and wood to create shelters, hunt, and make clothes. bow and arrow - hunt animals from a distance. spear - throw at animals from long distance chopper - Used to cut, chop, or scrape roots, bones, and meat  

The animals they killed provided meat for food, bones for tools, and hides for clothing. They set up seasonal camps in caves or rock shelters wherever the animals were plentiful. Bands migrated when food (plants or animals) became scarce in one location.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES Technological Advances - Where human beings fashion tools and machines to change and control their environment. Stone tools Discovered fire. Used for cooking, light, and protection (scare animals away)  

Cave Paintings are Artifacts too.

Used cave art to express ideas – With no written language, early human cave art allows scientists to study their way of life. Early humans left hundreds of engraved, drawn, and painted figures of deer, bison, horses, and other animals. Used cave art to tell stories, explain things and express ideas. Other types of art included the carvings of stone, ivory, and bone.  

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September 1, 2017 land bridge- a connection between two landmasses, especially a prehistoric one that allowed humans and animals to colonize new territory Climate-the average weather conditions of a place over a long span of time Ice Age-a time when glaciers covered much of the land

Table of Contents 2 World Map 3 Unit 1 Rise of Civilization Page # Description 2 World Map 3 Unit 1 Rise of Civilization

Spreading Through the World

Using artifacts, researchers have discovered that early peoples lived in parts of East Africa nearly 3.5 million years ago. Humans moved from East Africa to Europe and Asia thousands of years ago.

The First Americans Eleven thousand years ago, during the Ice Age, the sea was lower than it is today. Due to the ocean levels dropping, a land bridge called Beringia was created. Land bridge – a narrow strip of land that allowed animals and people to move from one place to another Beringia – a strip of land connecting Asia to North America

The First Americans The land bridge joined present day Alaska and Asia. People were able to migrate across the land bridge to North America to follow the animals they hunted for food. Migrate – move from place to place Migration from Africa led to the creation of societies on other continents – Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. When the Ice Age ended and the ice melted, the migration ended.  

Early Humans/Settlement 6-1.2 Early Humans/Settlement

Paleolithic Age Ice Age Neolithic Age Neolithic Age: The “New Stone Age” -lasted from 8000 B.C.-around 4000 B.C.

During the Neolithic Age there was a shift from hunter-gatherers to farming societies. TURN TO A PARTNER Predict what caused this shift from humans being hunter-gatherers to farmers.

Steps Toward Civilization Eventually, humans became tired of moving around all the time. They wanted a more sedentary way of life. Sedentary – living permanently in one place An agricultural lifestyle offered this way of living for the humans.

Steps Toward Civilization Communities began to focus their resources on domestication and irrigation. Domestication – the taming of wild plants and animals by humans Examples – herding llamas or goats, having a pet dog Irrigation – the process of supplying water to crops Before irrigation, farmers had to wait for rain to water crops. Irrigation systems let farmers control the amount of water and where the water came from.

Agricultural System Advantages Disadvantages Agriculture - farming People no longer had to move around for food. People were able to grow and store their food, creating a surplus. Permanent housing was built. People could build more complicated tools since they didn’t have to move them. People accumulated wealth and property. Led to specialization of skills. Communities became dependent on a small variety of plants. If the weather wasn’t right, or they didn’t irrigate properly, there could be no food!

Irrigation Techniques A nearby river was often a source of water. Canals could be dug to connect waterways. Dams could be built to allow water to collect in reservoirs.

Agricultural Techniques Plows were developed Water wheels were created Animals assisted with labor

Irrigation Techniques Agricultural Techniques Food Surplus

Harvesting and Surplus People who led an agricultural lifestyle collected their food during harvest time, rather than gathering it all year long as the hunter-gatherers did. Sometimes, a community had a surplus of one type of crop. Surplus – an amount greater than what people need and can use

Surplus When there was a surplus crop, people had to figure out a way to keep the food safe. They had to plan for the future and make sure they had enough food to last until the next harvest. What if there was a drought or a plague?

Specialization Read p. 66-67 WHAT WERE THE BENEFITS OF A SETTLED LIFE Specialization – a division of work where different jobs were created Examples: toolmaker, farmers, butcher, clothing maker

A New Trend Agricultural and sedentary communities grew the population in ways people never thought possible. People had to find ways to get rid of food waste, human waste, and animal waste so that disease did not spread. Large families were desired because more children meant more workers.

Government In the beginning, the head of the tribe was usually the dominant male. New technology = food surplus = people need something to do (specialization) and someone to organize it = GOVERNMENT Villages grew into communities, they began to trade with each other and therefore, needed some system of government.

Sequencing Put the following events in chronological order. Domesticated crops Social divisions within a community Production of surplus food Domesticated animals Technology improves Answer on the next page 

Sequencing (Answer) Technology improves Domesticated crops 1 Technology improves 2 Domesticated crops 3 Domesticated animals 4 Production of surplus food 5 Social divisions within a community