Mapping Chapter 2

H.E.1A.2 Develop, use, and refine models to (1) understand or represent phenomena, processes, and relationships, (2) test devices or solutions, or (3) communicate ideas to others.

Mapping Maps are flat models of three- dimensional objects. The science of mapmaking is called cartography.

Latitude Def.: the distance in degrees north or south of the equator. The equator is an imaginary horizontal line located at 0° latitude that circles Earth and separates it into two equal halves Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator. The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Latitude and Longitude

Longitude Def: the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian is an imaginary line that represents 0o longitude. Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole. The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude. Latitude and Longitude Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

GPS: Global Positioning System Using coordinates Both latitude and longitude are needed to locate precise positions on Earth. Latitude and Longitude Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Time Zones In most cases, each of Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour. However, there are some exceptions. Morton County, North Dakota

International Date Line 180° meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days. Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day. Traveling east moves your calendar back one day.

Review Essential Questions What is the difference between latitude and longitude? Why is it important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location? Why are there different time zones from one geographic area to the next? Vocabulary: Cartography equator latitude longitude prime meridian International Date Line

Projections A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. It clearly indicates direction in straight lines. It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

Projections A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas. It is used to make road maps and weather maps

Topographic Maps detailed maps that use contour lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface A contour line connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map. The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval.

Topographic Maps continued Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation. Depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate the direction of elevation change.

Geologic Maps is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil. may also show geologic features such as fault lines.

Map Legend explains what the symbols on a map represent.

Map Scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth

Review of Maps Maps Common Uses Distortions Mercator projection Navigate planes and ships Land near the poles Conic Projections Road and weather maps Areas at the top and bottom of the map is distorted Topographic Maps Show elevation changes on a flat projection It depends on the type of projection used Geologic Map Show types of rocks below the surface present in a given area

Review Essential Questions Vocabulary What are the different types of maps? Why are different maps used for different purposes? Vocabulary Mercator projection conic projection gnomonic projection topographic map contour line contour interval geologic map map legend map scale Types of Maps Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education