The Skeletal System

Bone Fractures Fracture—break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin

Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling Figure 5.5

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma Hematoma formation Figure 5.5, step 1

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Figure 5.5, step 2

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Figure 5.5, step 3

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling Figure 5.5, step 4

The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage

The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a

The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b

The Skull Two sets (types) of bones: Cranium- enclose the brain & furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles Facial bones-framework of the face, contain cavities for thee sense organs of sight, smell taste 22 in all Bones are joined by sutures(interlocking joints)

Human Skull, Lateral View Figure 5.7

Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8

Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

Human Skull, Anterior View Figure 5.11

Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull Give resonance and amplification to voice (tone quality)

Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10a

Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10b

The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Aids in swallowing and speech

The Hyoid Bone Figure 5.12