The Skeletal System

Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone

Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5

Questions What is the difference between a compound and a simple fracture? Describe an impacted, spiral, and greenstick fracture. Sesamoid bone is a special type of short bone that grows within tendons or muscles. What are the factors that cause bone remodeling? What minerals can be found in high concentrations within long bones? List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture

The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6

The Skull Two sets of bones Cranium Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Definitions Sutures: areas where cranial bones are fused Process: outward projections, Serve as attachment sites for muscles, ligaments and other connective tissues. Conchae: also called a turbinate or turbinal, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various animals.  Foramen: opening, hole, or passage in bone Ramus: An arm or branch of a bone Meatus: Passage or opening leading to the inside of the body

Definitions Condyles: the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone Sinuses: a cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities. Meant to lighten the skull and produce mucous that moisturizes the inside of the nose.

Video Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyMCmIpKuCA

The Skull Figure 5.7

Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11

Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8

Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

REVIEW QUESTIONS What is the appendicular skeleton composed of? What four marks can be found on the temporal bone? What is another name for the lower jaw? The upper jaw? Which bone forms the floor of the skull? What animal does the shape of the Sphenoid Bone (In superior view) resemble?

REVIEW QUESTIONS Which bone is the orbital canal found in? What is Turk’s Saddle (Sella Turcica) and what bone is it found in? What is the function of the sella turcica? What are fontanels? Which developmental stage do they exist? The walls of the cranium are formed by which bones? What is the foramen magnum?

REVIEW QUESTIONS What are the 8 bones of the cranium? Which bone are the mastoid, styloid and zygomatic process found in? Turk’s saddle is the name of a saddle like depression in the sphenoid bone also called… Which bones form the anterior fontanel? What makes the hyoid bone unique from all other bones? Identify 3 characteristics