Sex-linked traits Genes that are carried on the X chromosomes Examples: Hemophilia Baldness Red-green color blindness

Genetic Engineering Changing one or more genes in the DNA of an organisms Genetically Modified Food Genetically Modified Pests Genetically Modified Animals Genetically Modified Humans?

The Process: Gene Replacement http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2015/spring-summer/the-science-of-gmos 1. The original gene is cut out of the organism that will be modified 2. An engineered gene is added in place of the cut out gene

The Process: Cloning Cloning is used when an identical copy of a cell or organism is desired Can be used to create an entire new individual Can be used to create specific cells in disease treatment http://www.howstuffworks.com/cloning.htm

GMOs = Genetically Modified Organisms Why – Allows for specific traits in organisms Examples – Crops with higher crop yield (bigger, more fruit, vegatables) Pest Resistance Increased temperature tolerances

Bioluminescent Animals Uses: Protein tracking Disease detection using bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to identify different types of cells Novelty pets (Glofish are available now) Image sources: Upper left-a fungus displaying bioluminescence: 2009, Ylem, Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PanellusStipticusAug12_2009.jpg Upper right-common house mouse: 2004 NIH, Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:House_mouse.jpg Lower-2 mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein: 2012 Ingrid Moen et al., Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GFP_Mice_01.jpg

Fast-Growing Salmon Less Smelly Cows Genes from two other fish cause this salmon to continually produce growth hormones Less Smelly Cows Modifying bacteria responsible for methane production in cattle results in 25% less-flatulent cows Image sources: Upper left: http://www.bloggernews.net/126936/26937 (under Google’s “labeled for resuse”) Lower right: 2002 Keith Weller, USDA, Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cow_female_black_white.jpg

CRISPR Genome editing tool Has the potential to allow genetic engineering of the human genome and animal genomes TED talks CRISPR

Bringing Back Species from Extinction National Geographic

Genetic Engineering in the News http://abcnews.go.com/topics/news/science/genetic- engineering.htm?mediatype=Video&page=3 http://abcnews.go.com/topics/news/science/genetic- engineering.htm?