Explanation The previous picture “moves” because of tiny muscular movements of your eyes.

Look at the path

Uneven or not

Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

What do you see?

Figure Ground Relationship Our first perceptual decision is what is the image is the figure and what is the background?

Figure-ground principle: states that we organize our perceptions into figure (focus or appearance of solidity) and background (not clearly shaped or patterned) Way for our brains to organize information

Figure-Ground Relationship The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

Camouflage works due to our inability to distinguish figure from ground

Reversible figures: you can reverse the figure and the ground

What do you see?

Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means “an organized whole” Psychologists who emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Brain perceives images as groups not isolated elements- Innate and inevitable. Allows our brains to make sense of the chaos of the world Several factors influences how we will group objects

Similarity Proximity Closure

Gestalt and attention- (Top-Down Processing) Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in what oredr the ltteers in a word are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is that the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can still raed it wouthit porbelm. This is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe.

What do you see? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSnI6QuaDDw

Visual Capture The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

Depth Perception The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional. Allows us to judge distance.

Depth Cues Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment. Finding: depth perception is innate (to some degree) We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories: Monocular Cues Binocular Cues

Visual Cliff: No children were hurt during the filming of this video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNhHrMJA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VPaBcT1KdY

How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional perception? Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on two eyes. Alter our perception Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on one eye. They alter or influence our perceptions. What you see!

Binocular Cues Retinal Disparity: a binocular cue for seeing depth. Because we have 2 eyes that see and both see the world slightly different . The brain compares these 2 images the difference is Retinal disparity ( 3 D movies) The closer an object comes to you the greater the disparity is between the two images. Pen together two eyes- try with one

Which is greater height or width? Horizontal- vertical illusion

Monocular Cues You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth). Linear Perspective Interposition Relative size Texture gradient Shadowing

Clues Many of our depth clues depends on previous knowledge. If we do not know how large an object is, then the relative size becomes meaningless Top Down Processing becomes useful in this case in allowing us to accurately understand the world

Which balloon is closer?

Relative clarity: things in the distance are fuzzier (like texture gradient)

Identify: Interposition, Relative Size, Visual Acuity, Linear Perspective, Texture Gradient

Phi Phenomenon An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

More Phi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfcNoMnKjrY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAXMtUCcp7o

Constancy- images change moment to moment due to light, angle etc Constancy- images change moment to moment due to light, angle etc. Ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes is called constancy Size constancy Space constancy Color constancy

Perceptual Constancy Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images changes. Shape constancy

Which circle looks bigger in the middle?

An illusion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCV2Ba5wrcs

Both center patches are the same shade of gray True or False? Both center patches are the same shade of gray

True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background

True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background

Perceptual Interpretation

Perceptual Adaptation The ability to adapt to new visual clues; remember the perception goggles

What is a Perceptual Set? A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. Based on top down processing Kiss the Guy

Perceptual Set- our expectations ,emotions, and culture influence out perceptions We perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense. I _ant ch_co_ate ic_ cr_am. Based on our experiences and schemas. If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).

Real World Application Cops who chase an African American suspect down a dark alley are more likely to perceive him as holding a gun than a cell phone or wallet. We see what we expect to see!!

What you see in the middle depends on your perceptual set.

What do you expect?

When you first read this, what does it say--A Bird In The Bush When you first read this, what does it say--A Bird In The Bush? If you read this more carefully you will find that it says A Bird In The The Bush!!! If you caught it the first time, good for you, but I bet you you did not catch it this time!!!

Emotion and Motivation Both affect perception Examples: when tired a long walk seems impossible A hill looks steeper if carrying a heavy backpack Emotions: if you have a reputation for trouble security will stop you more often, if you have a good relationship a bad day does not make you think of a breakup Perception is learned and innate

Context effects Information in context- a given stimulus may trigger a very different perception Hearing sad instead of happy music can predispose people to perceive a sad meaning in a word: mourning – morning, die – dye, pain-pane Pink or blue tells us gender of a baby When told baby is a boy we use boy terms: slugger, champ etc

Crash Course Psychology #7 A summary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n46umYA_4dM

Illusions A hallucination is when you see something that isn’t there. An illusion is a distortion of the senses. *We may see an illusion because we know what we are supposed to see, even though part of a picture or design may not be completely there” …when perception overrides sensation

Right side up

See the fish?

Are you seeing dots?

Circles...?

How many feet?