Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall S. aureus most commonly causes skin infections like folliculitis, boils, impetigo, and cellulitis that are limited to a small area of a person's skin. S. aureus can also release toxins (poisons) that may lead to food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19–1 Bacteria Photo Credit: Michael T. Sedam/CORBIS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19-1 Bacteria The smallest and most common microorganisms are prokaryotes—unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Classifying Prokaryotes All prokaryotes were once placed in the Kingdom Monera. Recently, biologists divided them into two different kingdoms: the Eubacteria and the Archaebacteria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Classifying Prokaryotes Eubacteria Eubacteria have a cell wall that protects the cell and determines its shape. The cell wall of eubacteria contain peptidoglycan. Eubacteria have a cell membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. Some eubacteria have a second membrane that provides added protection.

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Classifying Prokaryotes E. coli, a Typical Eubacterium Ribosomes Cell Wall Cell Membrane Peptidoglycan A bacterium such as E. coli has the basic structure typical of most prokaryotes: cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Some prokaryotes have flagella that they use for movement. The pili are involved in cell-to-cell contact. The cell walls of eubacteria contain peptidoglycan. Flagellum DNA Pili Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall CAPSULE Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Classifying Prokaryotes Eubacteria include organisms that live in a variety of environments, including: in fresh and salt water on land in the human body Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Classifying Prokaryotes Archaebacteria  The cells walls of archaebacteria do not contain peptidoglycan. Archaebacteria have different membrane lipids (different bonds and fatty acids). In addition, the DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria. Who are we more closely related to? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Archae Environments Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Classifying Prokaryotes Many archaebacteria live in extreme environments. Methanogens live in oxygen-free environments, such as thick mud and animal digestive tracts. Other archaebacteria live in salty environments or in hot springs where water temperatures approach the boiling point. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Identifying Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are identified by characteristics such as: 1. shape 2. the chemical nature of their cell walls 3. the way they move 4. the way they obtain energy Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Identifying Prokaryotes 1. Shape  Rod-shaped prokaryotes are called bacilli. Prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes. Photo Credit: ©David Scharf/Peter Arnold, Inc. Bacilli Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Identifying Prokaryotes Prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes. Photo Credit: ©David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited Cocci Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Identifying Prokaryotes Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes are called spirilla. Prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes. Photo Credit: ©Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc. Spirilla Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Other shapes seen: Vibrio: Comma shaped with flagella Spirochete: wormlike spiral shape

Grouping of Bacteria Diplo- Groups of two Strepto- chains Staphylo- Grapelike clusters

Diplococcus

Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

Staphylococcus

Bacillus - E. coli

Streptobacilli

Spirillum

Spirochetes

Identifying Prokaryotes 2. Chemical Nature of Cell Walls Two different types of cell walls are found in eubacteria. A method called gram staining tells them apart. Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan. (stained purple) Gram-negative bacteria have thinner cell walls inside an outer lipid layer. (stained pink) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9batS-vGDY Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Identifying Prokaryotes 3. How Bacteria Move Prokaryotes can be identified by whether they move and how they move. Flagella Gliding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7WTxaGvnhU Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Flagella CLASSIFICATION Monotrichous: 1 flagella Lophotrichous: tuft at one end Amphitrichous: tuft at both ends Peritrichous: all around bacteria

What is this type of bacteria ? Question: What is this type of bacteria ?

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Metabolic Diversity 4. The Way They Obtain Energy: Prokaryotes are divided into two main groups: Heterotrophs get their energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organisms. Autotrophs make their own food from inorganic molecules. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4) Metabolic Diversity: Obtain Energy Heterotrophs  Prokaryotes that take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of carbon are called chemoheterotrophs. Prokaryotes that use sunlight for energy, but take in organic compounds as a carbon source are called photoheterotrophs. chemoheterotrophs photoheterotrophs Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4) Metabolic Diversity: Obtain Energy Autotrophs  Photoautotrophs use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen. Chemoautrophs perform chemosynthesis. They make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide, but do not require light as energy. Chemoautrophs use energy from chemical reactions. (oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food (archae in hydrothermal vents) Photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Modes of Nutrition Saprobes – feed on dead organic matter (heterotrophs) Parasites – feed on a host cell (heterotrophs) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5cyX0MUAiU Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4) Metabolic Diversity: Release Energy Releasing Energy: How bacteria get their energy Bacteria need a constant supply of energy, which is released by the processes of cellular respiration or fermentation or both. Respiration: this is the process in which cells release energy (energy is produced) in the presence of oxygen Fermentation: this is a process in which cells release energy (energy is produced) in the absence of oxygen Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Metabolic Diversity Obligate aerobes require a constant supply of oxygen. (ex: streptococcus) Bacteria that live without oxygen because they may be killed by it are called obligate anaerobes. (ex: Clostridium Botulinum) Bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen are known as facultative anaerobes. (ex: E. coli) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Facultative Anaerobe Staphylococcus (gram positive) Boils, impetigo, food poisoning, cellulitis, and toxic shock syndrome Escherichia coli (gram negative) - lower intestine of warm-blooded animals; food poisoning in humans Listeria (gram positive) - found in food; grows in refrigeration; cantaloupes http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/how-maple-leaf-foods-is-handling-the-listeria-outbreak-1.763404 Obligate Aerobe Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative) – can be found on medical equipment; causes disease in animals Bacillus (gram positive) Obligate Anaerobe Clostridium botulinum - Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Growth and Reproduction Most prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission. Some prokaryotes take part in conjugation. Other prokaryotes produce spores. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Growth and Reproduction Binary Fission  Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells. Most prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, producing two identical “daughter” cells. Photo Credit: ©Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Growth and Reproduction Conjugation  During conjugation, a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells, and genes move from one cell to the other. This transfer of genetic information increases genetic diversity in populations of bacteria. Some prokaryotes take part in conjugation, in which genetic information is transferred from one cell to another by way of a hollow bridge. Photo Credit: ©Dr.Dennis Kunkel/Phototake Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Growth and Reproduction Spore Formation  In unfavorable growth conditions, many bacteria form spores. An endospore forms when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and some of its cytoplasm. Spores can remain dormant for months or years. Spores allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions. Some prokaryotes produce endospores, which allow them to withstand harsh conditions. Credit: ©A. B. Dowsett/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Growth and Reproduction First, the bacterium senses that its home or habitat is turning bad: food is becoming scarce or water is disappearing or the temperature is rising to uncomfortable levels. So it makes a copy of its chromosome, the string of DNA that carries all its genes. Then, the rubbery cell membrane that surrounds the bacterial cell fluid begins pinching inward around this chromosome copy, until there’s a little cell within the larger bacterial cell. This little cell is called the "daughter cell" and the bigger, original one, what starts out as the "vegetative cell" in this illustration, is now called the "mother cell." Next, the membrane of the mother cell surrounds and swallows up the smaller cell, so that now two membrane layers surround the daughter cell. Between these two membranes a thick wall forms made out of stuff called peptidoglycan <pep-tid-oh-gly-can>, the same stuff found in bacteria’s rigid cell walls. Finally, a tough outer coating made up of a bunch of proteins forms around all this, closing off the entire daughter cell, which is now a spore. As the mother cell withers away or gets blasted by all kinds of environmental damage, the spore lies dormant, enduring it all, just waiting for things to get better Spore Formation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50Rxgw_gxd4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Importance of Bacteria Bacteria are vital to the living world. Some are producers that capture energy by photosynthesis. Others are decomposers that break down the nutrients in dead matter. Still other bacteria have human uses. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Importance of Bacteria Decomposers Bacteria recycle nutrients and maintain equilibrium in the environment.   Bacteria also help in the treatment of sewage. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Importance of Bacteria Nitrogen Fixers  Plants need nitrogen gas to be changed chemically to ammonia or other nitrogen compounds, which certain bacteria produce. The process of converting nitrogen gas into a form plants can use is known as nitrogen fixation. Many plants have symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NKGS4bj7cc Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Importance of Bacteria Human Uses of Bacteria We depend on bacteria for many things, including: foods and beverages removal of waste and poisons from water mining minerals from the ground synthesis of drugs and chemicals via genetic engineering production of vitamins in human intestines Future use: Energy source???? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1E8TUrrAAo Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall GUT FLORA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sISguPDlhY Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Antibacterial resistance What is it? Notes during video! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znnp-Ivj2ek Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19–1 Which characteristic distinguishes eubacteria from archaebacteria? Eubacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Eubacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Eubacteria lack a nucleus. Eubacteria do not possess mitochondria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19–1 Rod-shaped prokaryotes are called bacilli. cocci. spirilla. streptococci. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19–1 Bacteria that must live without oxygen are called obligate aerobes. facultative anaerobes. obligate anaerobes. facultative aerobes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19–1 Prokaryotes that make their own food molecules from carbon dioxide and water but live where there is no light are called photoautotrophs. photoheterotrophs. chemoautotrophs. chemoheterotrophs. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19–1 Bacteria that attack and digest the tissue of dead organisms are called decomposers. nitrogen fixers. chemoautotrophs. archaebacteria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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