Skeletal System FUNCTIONS Supports body and provides shape. Protects internal organs. Movement and anchorage of muscles. Mineral storage. Ca+ and Ph- Hemopoiesis

Mineral matter (Ca+) replaces cartilage Skeletal System BONE FORMATION Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. Mineral matter (Ca+) replaces cartilage Infant bones are soft because ossification is not complete at birth.

Skeletal System Babies have 302 bones During infancy, cranial bones are held together by bands of connective tissues called: sutures FONTANEL - Soft spot on baby’s head

Skeletal System ]   Once ossification is complete, mature skeletal system has 206 bones Osteocyte mature bone cell

Skeletal System 4 types of bones 1. Long bones in arms and legs 2. Short bones in wrist and ankles 3. Irregular bones spinal column, hips 4. Flat bones ribs, sternum, cranium

Bones grow from middle to the ends Skeletal System STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE Bones grow from middle to the ends DIAPHYSIS – middle part of the bone sometimes called the bone shaft The shaft is made of hard, compact bone (Ca+ and Ph-)

filled with yellow bone marrow Skeletal System MEDULLARY CAVITY – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow These are the cells that form white blood cells. cavity is also full of blood vessels This also gives the bone it’s flexibility so it doesn’t break under pressure

EPIPHYSES – ends of bone, known as growth plate Skeletal System EPIPHYSES – ends of bone, known as growth plate ends are SPONGY in appearance Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made. PERIOSTEUM – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. This layer is necessary for bone growth and nutrition

It is the center part of the skeleton Skeletal System Parts of the Skeleton 1. AXIAL skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid It is the center part of the skeleton 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs the parts that hang off the axis

Skeletal System AXIAL SKELETON SKULL 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones RIBS 12 pairs, -1st 7 pairs are “true ribs” they attach directly to the sternum -next 3 pairs “false ribs” they attach to the sternum by cartilage of the 7th rib -last 2 pairs are “floating ribs” They do not connect to the sternum

The tip of the sternum is the Xiphoid process Skeletal System STERNUM “breast bone” has 3 parts The tip of the sternum is the Xiphoid process Why is it important???? CPR

Vertebrae –bones of the spine Skeletal System Spine – Vertebral Column Encloses the spinal cord It is strong and flexible Vertebrae –bones of the spine Vertebrae are separated by pads of cartilage called discs As we age the discs thin out and we loose height

Skeletal System Cervical spine (7) C1-C7 Atlas C1 allows us to nod our heads Axis C2 allows us to turn our heads 2. Thoracic spine (12) T1-T12 chest area 3. Lumbar spine (5) L1-L5 lower back area 4. Sacrum triangle shaped bone, we sit on it 5. Coccyx tailbone

Skeletal System What happens when C2 is fractured and the spinal cord is damaged??? Paralysis What procedure is performed between L3 and L4??? Lumbar puncture

APPENDICULAR SKELETON Skeletal System APPENDICULAR SKELETON Shoulder girdle consists of the -Clavicle collar bone -Scapula shoulder blade Upper arm humerus 2nd largest bone in the body Lower arm consists of the -Radius thumb side -Ulna upper end forms the “funny bone”

Skeletal System Hand has 27 bones, consist of the -Carpals wrist bones, permit movement -Metacarpals compose the hand -Phalanges fingers Thumb is the most flexible finger Only humans and primates have thumbs

Skeletal System Pelvic girdle hip and pelvic bones Why are women’s wider?? Upper leg femur longest and strongest bone in the body It would take 15,000-19,000 lbs. of pressure applied to the top of the bone to break the femur

Skeletal System Lower leg consists of the Tibia shin bone Fibula outer leg bone end of the bone joins the foot and we call it the ankle bone, but really isn’t Foot consists of the Tarsals ankle bones Metatarsals bones of the feet Phalanges toes Calcaneous heel bone

JOINTS Joints points of connection between 2 bones Also called “articulations” SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints As we age, synovial fluid decreases in production Bone ends ossify causing the joints to stiffen The joints become painful and inflamed “arthritis”

Joints are classified according to movement: 1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips. 2. HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction i.e. knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers.

JOINTS 3. PIVOT JOINT – those bones that rotate on a 2nd bone i.e. radius and ulna atlas (C1) and axis (C2) allows the head to flex and rotate 4. GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other i.e. vertebrae of spine 5. SUTURE – immovable joint i.e. cranial bones

Types of Motion to bend at a joint, reduces the angle between joints FLEXION to bend at a joint, reduces the angle between joints “flex” your forearm EXTENSION -to straighten at a joint, -increases the angle between 2 joints “extend” your hand to shake hands

Types of Motion Abduction moving an extremity away from the body Adduction moving an extremity towards the body

Types of Motion CIRCUMDUCTION ROTATION Movement of a limb in a circle Usually a ball and socket joint ROTATION Turning on an axis. movement allowed between first 2 cervical vertebrae

Types of Motion SUPINATION to rotate so the palm faces forward. PRONATION to rotate so the palm faces backward. .

Disorders of the Bones Fracture a break in the bone The only way to confirm a fracture is to get a radiography X-ray 1. CLOSED or SIMPLE fracture bone is broken, but does not break through the skin Treated by a “closed reduction” A cast or splint is applied to bring bones into alignment

Osteomyelitis bone infection Disorders of the Bones 2.Open or Compound fracture bone is broken and it penetrates the skin creating an open wound This is the most serious type of fracture!!! WHY!!! Infection in the wound and the bone Osteomyelitis bone infection

Disorders of the Bones

Disorders of the Bones Treatment for an open fracture is an “open reduction” Surgical intervention with devices such as screws, wires, metal plates to hold bones together Traction pulling forces used to hold bones in place until they can be repaired Usually long bones

Disorders of the Bones TRACTION OF THE FEMUR

Bones are softer and more flexible Disorders of the Bones 3. Comminuted fracture -bone breaks and shatters - fragments get lodged in surrounding tissues 4. Greenstick fracture -bone bends and splinters, but does not break completely -seen in children Why??? Bones are softer and more flexible

Disorders of the Bones 5. Depressed fracture occurs in the skull bone is broken and falls inward on the brain What happens when you receive a depressed skull fracture??? Brain bleeding and edema

Disorders of the Bones Other bone injuries: Dislocation bone is displaced from it’s normal position Sprain sudden or unusual motion causing ligaments to be torn Occurs at a joint What S/S will you see??? Redness, edema, pain, discoloration Treatment “RICE” Rest Ice Crutches/Compression Elevation (ace wraps)

Disorders of the Bones Ankle sprain

Diseases of Bones ARTHRITIS – inflammation of one or more joints 2 types RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS –autoimmune disease more common in women OSTEOARTHRITIS – degenerative, occurs with aging, With both types joints become enlarged and painful, deformities may occur.

Diseases of Bones Rheumatoid arthritis                                                                                                                         

What is repair of a joint called? Diseases of Bones No known cure for either type of arthritis Joint replacements of knees and hips are common What is repair of a joint called? arthroplasty ARTHROSCOPY – examination into joint using arthroscope, fiber optic lens

Diseases of Bones

Diseases of Bones GOUT – increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.

Diseases of Bones RICKETS – found in children, caused by lack of Vitamin D, bones become soft. Treated with calcium, Vitamin D and sunshine. Osteomalacia softening of the bones

Diseases of Bones HERNIATED DISC – intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerve “slipped disc” Treatment: microdiskectomy Removal of the damaged disc, replaced with synthetic bone materials WHIPLASH – trauma to the cervical vertebra, usually from a car accident

Diseases of Bones Abnormal curvatures of the spine: KYPHOSIS – hunchback LORDOSIS – swayback SCOLIOSIS – lateral curvature

Diseases of Bones Pictures of Scoliosis

Diseases of Bones OSTEOPOROSIS – 80% of those affected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% - 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture. (On x-ray, looks like Swiss cheese.)

Diseases of Bones

Diseases of Bones Osteosarcoma bone cancer BONE MARROW ASPIRATION – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes.