Lecture 17: Francis and Dominic Dr. Ann T. Orlando 31 October 2017

Spiritual Movements: New Orders Franciscans Dominicans Both start as mendicants, very different from Benedictines Not in a monastery Vocation is among God’s people Both approved by Innocent III Augustinians and Carmelites

Franciscan Basilica Begun immediately after Francis’ death in 1226 One of Francis’ earliest followers supervised beginning of Basilica Really two basilicas, an upper and a lower one Site of Francis’ tomb This is the ‘Mother House’ of Franciscan order Many famous Italian artists, including Cimabue and Giotto, painted frescos

Assisi at the Time Francis was Born (1181) Wealthy hill town in Tuscany Francis’ father was a cloth merchant Assisi was often at war with other nearby towns Francis joined the Assisi troops as a young man and was captured in a skirmish with Perugia

Francis Begins His Spiritual Journey After returning to Assisi in a prisoner exchange, Francis started to pray and look for a different way of life He went to Rome on a pilgrimage and on returning stopped to pray at the deserted church of St. Damiano A voice tells Francis to ‘rebuild my Church’ Francis used money from his father’s business to buy materials His Father, angered by this, brought Francis before the bishop to be admonished Francis stripped himself naked, saying he wanted nothing from his father Francis starts to lead a mendicant life, saying he would be poor as Christ was poor

A Group Gathers Around Francis Some people were shocked by Francis’ life-style But some wanted to join him in his way of life Francis’ holiness and gentleness with all God’s creatures led to many stories about Francis Francis and the wolf of Gubbio San Damiano became the Church for St. Clare and her followers, the ‘poor Clares’ Feast Day for St. Clare is August 11

Francis’ Spirituality Total embrace of ‘Lady Poverty’, not ‘Lady Wisdom’ as way of life Francis’ Rule emphasizes walking in poverty in the footsteps of Jesus; Pilgrimage to Holy Land; Met the sultan Rules for Franciscans to live in Holy Land with Muslims Emphasis on tangible religious experience: Christmas crib Stigmata as a sign of Francis’ identification with Jesus Francis was most famous man in Europe in his lifetime; his order grew explosively Poet: Canticle of the Sun, Prayer of St. Francis Feast Day is Oct. 4

800 Year Anniversary of Francis in Holy Land (Oct 2017) Story is told by Francis’ first biographer, Thomas of Celano Early Franciscan Biography written at request of Pope Gregory IX in 1225, revised 1246 Francis met sultan in 1219 Given pass of safe conduct and right to protect Christian places and pilgrims

Franciscan Rule Actually two Rules written by Francis, the Longer and the Shorter Encourage mendicant lifestyle and adoption of complete poverty Deemphasizes study, even literacy Deemphasizes ecclesial offices Rule revisions Even before Francis dies, control of Franciscans is given to others Franciscans become more organized, intellectual, wealthy

Franciscan ‘Schism’ Shortly after Francis dies, the order becomes conflicted about its future ‘Conventual’ Franciscans relax some aspects of Francis’ extreme poverty ‘Spiritual’ Franciscans continued to live as Francis had Some become engaged in apocalyptic warnings Followers of Joachim of Fiore (1132-1202) and were deemed heretics

St. Dominic (1170-1221) Born in Spain; he traveled to southern France to preach against the Albigensian heresy Founded a school for French women First order of Dominicans were nuns Received permission from Innocent III to found an order of preachers to preach Catholic orthodoxy

Albiginsians Named for town of Albi, France where heresy was centered Also known as ‘Cathars’ from Greek for pure Beliefs Two gods, one evil the other good Material evil Two classes of believers Special knowledge given to believers

Dominican Spirituality Rule based on Augustine’s Rule: clergy who lived together but worked among lay people Also basis for other Medieval Orders Dominican Rule emphasized study and preaching Rosary was and remains especially important to Dominicans Mary appeared to Dominic and gave him a rosary Established the form the Rosary has today Feast day is August 8

Dominicans in 13th C Order started as mendicants Quickly became centered in cities and especially universities Focused on education for lay and secular clergy

The Rosary History of the Rosary as a popular devotion probably dates to around 10th C Early use of prayer beads of varying lengths used by monks and others as an aid to meditation Bead is from the old German word meaning “to pray” Repetition of familiar prayers a way to move beyond immediate circumstances and enter into mysteries of faith

Mysteries of Rosary In early forms of rosary, Varying numbers of decades, Almost always a decade was 10 Hail Mary’s The early practice was to use the decade as a way to remove oneself from immediate circumstances and enter into a particular mystery of the faith

Other Orders Augustinians and Carmelites were both granted dispensations by Pope Innocent IV from degree of IV Lateran Council Augustinians (Order of Hermits of St. Augustine) Organized from a group of hermits living in northern Italy Followed ‘Augustinian Rule’ Carmelites (Order of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel) Claim to descend from followers of prophet Elias Actual start seems to be around the Crusades, Christian hermits living on Mt. Carmel Rule of St. Albert of Jerusalem c. 1210 Migrated to Europe in mid-13th C Lay ‘third orders’ became very popular

Pope Innocent III (1160 – 1216) Born in Anagani, Italy Studied at Universities of Rome, Paris and Bologna Named Cardinal-Deacon by Pope Clement III Elected Pope in 1198 Died in Rome, 1216

Key Points of Pontificate of Innocent III Expanded role of papacy in secular affairs Expanded Canon Law Called the Fourth Crusade Convened the Fourth Lateran Council Approved Dominican and Franciscan orders

Innocent III and Western Politics Resolved a disputed election of new HRE in 1198-1202; wrote a decretal affirming: German princes elect king, who will then be HRE This right was given to German princes by the Holy See, which transferred Imperial title from Greeks to Charlemagne If the Pope thinks the elected king unworthy, princes must elect someone else If princes cannot agree on a king, Pope will select one King John of England refused to accept Innocent's selection as Archbishop of Canterbury Innocent places an interdict on England (no sacraments for population) King of France threatens to invade England John relents; and is placed in a very weakened position leading to Magna Carta Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913: There was scarcely a country in Europe over which Innocent III did not in some way or other assert the supremacy which he claimed for the papacy.

The Lateran Recall, site given by Constantine in 4th C to the Pope to be the Pope’s palace Throughout the Middle Ages, Lateran was location of Curia and administrative offices Vatican offices were developed by the Renaissance Popes Part of rebuilding of St. Peter’s after fall of Constantinople 1453

First Three Lateran Councils First Lateran (1123, Callistus II) Reinforced Concordat of Worms Forbade clergy and monks to marry or have concubines Monks and others within a diocese had to obtain chrism oils from bishop Second Lateran Council (1139, Innocent II) Condemned marriage and concubines among clergy Prohibited jousting and dueling No bishopric left vacant more than three years Kings to administer justice in consultation with ecclesial authorities Third Lateran Council (1179, Alexander III) Cardinal-bishops elect pope with 2/3 majority required Forbade extortion of money for administration of sacraments

Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Included Patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem (Latin) Doctrine of transubstantiation (Canon 1) Exhorted Greeks to reunite with Roman Church; only one shepherd of the Church (Canon 4) Papal Primary, followed by Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem (Canon 5) Forbade establishment of new religious orders (Canon 13) Christians must confess their sins at least once per year (Canon 21) Payment of tithes (Canon 54) Jews and Muslims must wear special dress to distinguish them from Christians (Canons 78, 79)

Papacy after Innocent III Time of increasing tension between popes and civil rulers 16 popes between 1216 – 1294 (Boniface VIII) Including two multi-year periods without a pope Selection of popes increasingly dependent on national interests of cardinals

Dies Irae Traditionally ascribed to Thomas Celano Likely written by a 13th C Franciscan Based on Zephania 1:15-16 One of the most important musical inventions of Western music

Assignment Francis’ Rule, available at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html