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Measuring Current. The unit of measure for current is the "amp" which has the symbol A. We measure the current using a device called an ammeter. In a circuit this is given the symbol When measuring the current through a component, the ammeter is always connected in series (in the same loop) with that component. A A

Measuring Voltage. We measure the voltage using a device called an voltmeter. In a circuit this is given the symbol V When measuring the voltage across a component, the voltmeter is always connected in parallel with (or across) the component. V1 This is still a SERIES circuit. V2 V3 The voltage supplied by the battery is shared between all the components in a series circuit

Series circuit animation

Voltage is measured in volts and the symbol for this is V. Measuring Voltage - across a resistance or a bulb A Components component here R V V Voltage is measured by connecting the voltmeter across (or in parallel) with the component. Voltage is measured in volts and the symbol for this is V.

Experiment: Measuring Voltage Circuit 1 V R V 1. Set up the circuit as shown above. Connect the voltmeter across the power supply and measure the supply voltage. 3. Then connect the voltmeter across the resistance (R) and measure this voltage.

Add another resistance (R2) to the circuit as shown. V R1 R2 V1 V2 Add another resistance (R2) to the circuit as shown. Connect the voltmeter across the power supply and measure the supply voltage. Then measure the voltage across each of the resistances.

Circuit 1: Voltage (supply) = V Voltage (R) = V Record your results: Circuit 1: Voltage (supply) = V Voltage (R) = V Circuit 2: Voltage (supply) = V Voltage (R1) = V Voltage (R2) = V

supply, decreased, voltage, flow, same Circuit 1 R1 R2 V V1 V2 Circuit2 Circuit2 The current is the ____ of electricity around the circuit. The _______ is the amount of push. When two components were put into Circuit 2, the voltage of the supply was the ____ as Circuit 1. However, the voltage across R1 ________ . The voltage across both components in circuit 2 added to be equal to the _____ voltage. supply, decreased, voltage, flow, same

Measuring Voltage in Parallel Circuits Connect together the circuit shown above and measure, in turn, the voltage at V1, V2 and V3

Write down your results in the table below : Voltmeter Voltage (V) V1 Explain anything you notice about the results

Parallel circuits

Experiment: Measuring Current Circuit 1 A 1 A R1 2 Set up the circuit as shown above. Measure the current using the ammeter at positions 1 and 2.

Experiment: Measuring Current Circuit 2 A 1 A 3 A R1 R2 2 Add another resistor into the circuit. Now measure the current using the ammeter at positions 1, 2 and 3.

Results Circuit 1 Current Position 1 Current Position 2 Circuit 2

Conclusions Circuit 1 The current at different positions in the circuit - before and after the resistor was the _____. Current is ___ used up by the components in the circuit. Circuit 2 Increasing the number of components in the circuit _______ the current. The current at all points in a series circuit is the ____. same / same / decreased / not

Experiment: Cells V A R1 V 1. Set up the circuit as shown above. 2. Connect the voltmeter across the power supply and measure the supply voltage. Then measure the voltage across the resistance. Measure the current.

Experiment: Cells V A R1 V Add an additional battery to the circuit. Connect the voltmeter across the power supply and measure the supply voltage. Then measure the voltage across the resistance. Measure the current.

Results Circuit 1: one battery Supply Voltage Voltage R1 Current Circuit 2: two batteries Supply Voltage Voltage R1 Current

Conclusions Delete the wrong answer: Increasing the number of batteries / cells increases/decreases the current that flows in the circuit. The current/voltage depends on the current/voltage.

Summary for Series Circuits. In a series circuit the current is the same at any point in the circuit. 2. The supply voltage is shared between the components in a series circuit. 3. The current depends on the voltage in ANY circuit.

Parallel Circuits A B A parallel circuit is one which contains a point (a junction) where the current can SPLIT (point A) or JOIN (point B). This means that there is MORE than one path around the circuit.

Measuring Current in Parallel Circuits 1 2 3 4 Place the ammeter, in turn, at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4. Record the ammeter reading at the points in the table shown. Ammeter Current (A) A1 A2 A3 A4

For a parallel circuit, the current that leaves the cell or battery is the same as the current that returns to the cell or battery. The current does NOT get used up by a circuit, just the energy the electrons are carrying. A1 = A4 The current splits up at the first junction and then joins together at the second junction. If the bulbs are identical then the current will split evenly. If the bulbs are NOT identical, then the current will NOT split evenly. The following is always true for this circuit. A1 = A2 + A3 =A4

Energy in Circuits This section deals with the energy transfers in electric circuits. The most important thing to understand about energy is that it cannot be created or destroyed. In all devices and machines, energy is transferred from one type to another.

Energy Transfer in Electrical Circuits When this circuit is connected, chemical energy stored in the battery is transferred via electrical energy to heat and light energy in the bulbs. The total amount of heat and light energy is the same as the amount of chemical energy lost from the battery. lamps

5J transferred to bulb as Energy Transfer in electrical circuits 5J transferred to bulb as light energy 95 J Transferred to Heat energy of bulb Chemical energy lost from battery (e.g. 100J). Notice, most of the energy from the battery does not produce light - most is wasted as heat!

Energy Efficiency useful energy output %Efficiency = x 100 We can work out the efficiency of an energy transfer: useful energy output %Efficiency = x 100 total energy input For this bulb efficiency = (5/100) x 100 = 5%.

Other energy transfers Batteries can power many things What sort of energy is the electrical energy transferred into in these examples?