Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Department of Humanities and Social Studies Summer 2012 Critical Thinking and Problem Solving UNIV 1212 Assignment 4: Group Chapter Presentation Chapter Topic: Co-Orientational View of Argument Students’ Names: Omar Aldowesh, Malik Alabdulqadir Students IDs: 200901888, 201100269 Section Number: 102 Mr. Yassin

outline Introduction. Perspectives On Argumentation. How Argument Perspectives Are Used. Arguer-Based Argument. A co – orientational Approach. Co-Orientational Model. The level of dispute. The role of reasoning. Argument chains. Argument situations. Argument relationships. Summary.

Introduction This chapter is about argumentation and it’s types and how to deal with others with using the right way to argue.

Perspectives On Argumentation 1- Logical Perspective: A-The logical perspective views argumentation as addresses to an audience of rational individuals well informed on the topic of the dispute. B-It's removes arguments from their situational contexts and consider them primarily as statements connected by logical inferences. C-The inferences are identified, classified, analyzed, and critiqued by comparing their structure adequacy with prescriptions form logical theory.

2- Dialectical Perspective: A-Dialectical Perspective is focuses on the process of reaching the best conclusion. B-the assumption is that the best conclusion will be accepted if all points of view and issues have been carefully considered and discussed. 3-Rhetorical Perspective its important because of it's emphasis on arguments as forms of communication.

How Argument Perspectives Are Used 1-Logical perspective: focuses on the structure of an argument and on it’s logical soundness when removed from a context. 2-Dialectical perspective: It’s considers especially the capacity of any given procedure for argumentation to contribute to reasoned and careful deliberation about an issue. 3-Rhetorical perspective: it’s emphasizes the argument’s effectiveness in persuading it’s audience.

Arguer-Based Argument This approach considers how an advocate develops and produces an argument, and it focuses and presenting sound evidence and strong reasons. 1-Formal logic. 2-The Syllogism. A-Categorical Syllogism. B-Contrapuntal Syllogism. C-Hypothetical Syllogism. 3-The Toulmin Model. A-Part of the model. B-Using the Model.

A co – orientational Approach The toulmin model offers a method for analyzing and criticizing argument. The toulmin model has tow important limitations. First, it focuses on a static view of argument. It considers that each part of the argument – claim, warrant, data, backing, reservation, and qualifier –can be expressed in a statement with a defined function. And, second, it focuses on the producer of the argument more than on the recipient.

A co – orientational Approach A co – orientational Approach to argument builds on Toulmin's model and incorporates three elements: process, situations, and relationship.

Co-Orientational Model One defining of how argument function using A co – orientational Approach is the level of argument that separates an arurgment's starting point (premise) from its claims, and whether the amount of agreement between arguer and recipient regarding the claims allows statements to accepted without further support or evidence.

The level of dispute Is the level of argument or imaginary line that separates what is accepted by the audience from what is not accepted.

The role of reasoning Reasoning connects the evidence and the claim. It serves as a logical and persuasive bridge between the tow ends of an argument.

Argument chains Uses a proved argument as evidence for an unproved claim.

Argument situations Refers to the rhetorical situation of the argument The rhetorical situation is a natural context of persons, events, object, relations, and an exigency.

Argument relationships Because arguments evolve through the interaction among arguers and recipients, the connection or relationship among the participants is important. Argument relationship is the interdependent connections that exit between arguers and recipients.

Summary Argumentation can be viewed from three different but complementary perspectives each of which emphasizes different aspects of argument.