Political Science 374 Economic Development: Ethnicity, Neopatrimonialism in Ethiopia and Nigeria. Jean de Dieu Hakizimana

Quick Facts on The Federal Republic of Nigeria - Africa’s largest economy with nominal GDP of USD 510 billion - AFDB - Gained independence from Britain in 1960 - Country known for being Oil rich - Key member of both African Union and ECOWAS - Democratic civilian rule returned in 1999 - More than 250 ethnic groups 3 dominant – Igbo(18%), Hausa-Fulani (29%) & Yoruba (21%)

Nigeria’s Ruling Party since 1999: People’s Democratic Party

Incumbent Nigerian Pres. Goodluck Jonathan

2011 Nigerian Elections: Presidential results

Infrastructure Devt. Location of Nigerian Public Universities

Quick Facts on Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Formerly known as Abyssinia Known for being “home of Coffee” Only African country not to be colonized Over 80 linguo-ethnic groups (4 major: Oromo, Tigray, Amhara & Somali) Endured brutal military rule between 1975 and 1991 by the Derg Impressive GDP growth in recent years due to FDI ( currently the third largest recipient of foreign direct investment in Africa) Capital, Addis Ababa headquarters both the African Union and UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa)

Research Question: How has ethnicity and neopatrimonialism constrained economic development in Africa's two most populous federal states, Nigeria and Ethiopia, and what then accounts for Ethiopia's higher sustained GDP growth rate over the last decade despite Nigeria's oil riches?

Key Terms Resource Curse Neopratilimonialism “National Cake” Primordialism Corruption Secession movements/separatist movements Ethnicity and Development

Economic Development Defined: “Economic development involves the process through which a country or region achieves economic growth in addition to structural transformation of its economy” ---------- Fidelis Ezeala – Harrison quoted from Economic Development Theory and Policy Application (1996:10)

Both Nigeria and Ethiopia have struggled with socio-economic development where socio-economic devt. means: “the ability to produce an adequate and growing supply of goods and services productively and efficiently, to accumulate capital, and to distribute the fruits of production in a relatively equitable manner” - David Jafee, Levels of Socio-economic Development Theory (1998:3)

Nigeria’s Political Administration: 36 States

Movement for Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) Nigerian Ethnic Secession/Separatist Movements - ** Some just pushing for greater autonomy! Movement for Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) Ijaw National Congress Niger Delta Liberation Army (NDLA) Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People **Boko Haram aims to establish an Islamic Caliphate – Draws significant membership from the economically marginalized northeastern Nigerians.

Ethiopia’s 9 Political Administrative Regions

Ethiopia Historical: Emperor Haile Selassie (Reign: 1930 - 1974) – Highly revered by Rastas and considered a “prophet”

Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam (b Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam (b. 1937) Chairman of the Derg and Ethiopian Head of State from 1977 to 1991.

Meles Zenawi President:1991- 1995 Prime Minister : 1995 - 2012

Ethiopia’s Ruling Party ‘Coalition’ since 1991

Ethiopia’s Ethnic Secession Movements/Separatist Movements Ogaden National Liberation Front – Made up mainly of Ethnic Somali people living in Ethiopia. Fighting for various reasons but no doubt Somalis in Ethiopia are among the most marginalized ethnic groups in the country. Olomo Liberation Front (OLF) – labeled a terrorist organization by the Ethiopian govt. Alleged to be supported by Eritrean govt. OLF has been active both militarily and as a movement since 1960s!

References Aalen, Lovise. The Politics of Ethnicity in Ethiopia: Actors, Power and Mobilization under Ethnic Federalism. Koninklijke Brill NV. Boston.2011.Print. Bach, Daniel C & Gazibo, Mamoudou, eds. Neopatrimonialism in Africa and Beyond. Routledge. New York.2012.Print. Central Intelligence Agency. World Fact Book. Accessed November 20th, 2014 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Nigeria/constitution2.pdf. Accessed November 20th, 2014 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/. Accessed November 20th, 2014. Englebert, Pierre & Dunn, Kevin C. Inside African Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Colorado.2013.Print.

www.afdb.org. Accessed November 24th, 2014 Ganahl, Joseph Patrick. Corruption, Good Governance, and the African State: A Critical Analysis of the Political – Economic Foundations of Corruption in Sub- Saharan Africa. Potsdam University Press. Postdam.2013.Print. Harrison, Fidelis Ezeala. Economic Development: Theory and Policy Application. Praeger Publishers. Connecticut.1996.Print. The African Development Bank Group. Economic Brief Volume 1, Issue 5. 17 September, 2010. Ethiopia’s Economic growth Performance: Current Situation and Challenges. www.afdb.org. Accessed November 24th, 2014 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Mdg2014report: Ethiopia’s recent MDG Performance. www.uneca.org/. Accessed. November 20th, 2014. Iwunze, Cajutan. The Political Constraints on Nigerian Economic Development since Independence. Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Co.2013.Print NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND THE RESOURCE CONTROL CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA James Olusegun Adeyeri. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 16, No.1, 2014)