Imogene King’s Interacting Systems Framework & Theory of Goal Attainment By: Susan Fenner, Jessica Martin, Scottie Withers, and Sherry Herring James Madison University NSG 463

Imogene King: International Nursing Scholar & Pioneer Nursing Theorist Born on Jan. 30, 1923 in Iowa. Died December 24, 2007 at the age of 83 First career choice was to become a teacher She viewed nursing school as a way to get out of her small town Uncle offered to pay her tuition if she attended nursing school “ I hope that in my desire to be a teacher, and in teaching many students at every level of nursing education, I have in some small way helped others to learn.” Imogene King

Education 1945- Graduated from St. John’s Hospital School of Nursing in St. Louis 1948- Graduated from St. Louis University with a BSN 1957- Received a Master of Science Degree from University of St. Louis 1961- Received a Doctorate in Education from Columbia University 1980- Honorary Ph.D from Southern Illinois University

Career Accomplishments of King Associate Professor, (1961-1966) at Loyola University in Chicago. Assistant Chief of the Research Grants Branch of the Division of Nursing in Washington, D.C., 1966-1968. Director of Ohio State University School of Nursing, 1968-1972. Professor, (1971-1980) at Loyola University in Chicago. Professor, (1980-1990) at University of South Florida College of Nursing Retired with title of Professor Emeritus. Petiprin, A. (2016). Retrieved from: http://www.nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Imogene-King.php

Career Accomplishments of King District IV Florida Nurses Association American Nurses Association Sigma Theta Tau International Fellow in American Academy of Nursing Petiprin, A. (2016). Retrieved from: http://www.nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Imogene-King.php

Career Accomplishments of King In addition to her nursing theory, she published several books. The Language of Nursing Theory and Metatheory, 1997. Toward a Theory for Nursing: General Concepts of Human Behavior, 1971. Curriculum and Instruction in Nursing: Concepts and Process A Theory for Nursing: Systems, Concepts and Process, 1981. Petiprin, A. (2016). Retrieved from: http://www.nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Imogene-King.php

Theory of Goal Attainment Developed in the 1960s by Imogene King Describes the relationship between the nurse and patient as “dynamic and interpersonal” (Petiprin, 2016) Patients mature and develop through life in order to reach goals Theory posits that certain factors affect the “attainment of goals” – roles, stress, space, & time Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal Attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php

Theory of Goal Attainment Patients have 3 fundamental needs regarding healthcare: 1. Health information 2. Prevention of illness 3. Care when incapacitated Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal Attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php

Theory of Goal Attainment 3 Interacting Systems Within King’s Theory Model, Each System Containing It’s Own Set of Concepts Personal- perception, self, growth, development, body image, space, & time Interpersonal- interaction, communication, transaction, role, & stress Social System- organization, authority, power, status, & decision-making Each patient (person) is a combination of these 3 systems which influences decision-making and goal-setting Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal Attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php

Theory of Goal Attainment from King King Theory of Goal Attainment [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6w4zcyVn5A

Theory of Goal Attainment King’s theory proposes that if the nurse is able to accurately determine the goal or goals of the patient and enable the patient to achieve the goal or goals then the following will occur: Mutual trust and satisfaction Enhanced growth and development Mutual goal-setting and goal achievement Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal Attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php

Theory of Goal Attainment King also emphasizes that our focus as nurses is the “care of human beings and that our goal is the health of both the individual and the group” (Petiprin, 2016) Essentially, patients are people and people are complex, communicative, perceiving, and goal-oriented. Each patient (person) has a specific background and family dynamic that influences decisions and goal-making. We, as nurses, need to communicate effectively with patients to determine the individual goals in order to effectively manage care and enable patients to reach their health care goals Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal Attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php

Making Sense of Theory “Interaction with the patient is an important component of King’s goal attainment model” (Black, 2017, p. 184). Imogene King's theory of goal attainment process of interaction [Diagram]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/10/Process-of-Interaction.png

Application of King’s Theory of Goal Attainment to Nursing Practice Establishing Effective Communication with Patients Creating Trusting Nurse to Patient Relationships Determining Perceived Needs, Barriers, and Goals Planning Care to Reach Goals Patient Education Advocate and Goal Attainment Prevention of Illness or Regaining Health

Theory of Goal Attainment & Nursing Practice King’s theory component of interaction correlates with the assessment phase of the nursing process. King’s theory component of interaction also correlates with the nursing diagnosis phase of the nursing process. King’s theory component of transaction correlates with the planning phase of the nursing process. King’s theory component of transaction also correlates with the implementation/interventions phase of the nursing process. King’s theory component of evaluation is also a phase of the nursing process. Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php

Theory of Goal Attainment & Nursing Practice As nurses, we must understand that human interactions, in combination with environmental factors, effect human perception. “Communication is required to verify the accuracy of the perception, as well as for interaction and translation” (Petiprin, 2016).

Goal Attainment Theory Limitations Critically ill patients are not able to communicate their needs and goals. Perception of another’s interpersonal experiences requires emotional intelligence, including empathy. Lack of emotional intelligence creates barriers to perception, and interaction by both the nurse and the patient, therefore, communication can be inhibited. Technology can potentially inhibit face to face interaction with patients. “King asserted that the concept of perception is fundamental to human interaction through a two-way relationship” (Shanta & Connolly, 2013 p. 177). Shanta, L. L., & Connolly, M. (2013). Using King's Interacting Systems Theory to link emotional intelligence and nursing practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 29(3), 174-180. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.04.023

References Black, B. P. (2017). Professional nursing: Concepts & challenges (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Imogene King's theory of goal attainment process of interaction [Diagram]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Process-of-Interaction.png King Theory of Goal Attainment [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6w4zcyVn5 Petiprin, A. (2016). Goal attainment. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/king-theory-of-goal-attainment.php Shanta, L. L., & Connolly, M. (2013). Using King's Interacting Systems Theory to link emotional intelligence and nursing practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 29(3), 174-180. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.04.023