Imperialism

IMPERIALISM Definition: The domination of the political, economic or cultural life of another country “A stronger, more powerful country takes over a weaker one” Colonies Protectorates Spheres of influence

Imperialism Justified as the “White Man’s Burden” (Rudyard Kipling) Idea that technologically advanced Europeans were morally and socially superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and the Americas Colonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of Influence

Rudyard Kipling “Take up the White Man's burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples Half-devil and half-child.” - Rudyard Kipling

Kipling’s Book and Disney’s version

Causes of Imperialism Economic causes: Need for RESOURCES (coal, iron, cash crops, various other “RAW MATERIALS”) Need for MARKETS Remember Age of Exploration? Remember Mercantilism? Gold/Silver Favorable balance of trade Colonies for raw materials AND markets Tariffs on imports from other countries

Examine the map below: What does the red part of the map represent Examine the map below: What does the red part of the map represent? What do you think the Caption means? “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

Causes of Imperialism Technological: technology and scientific advances made it possible for “developed countries” to take over non-developed “Developed” means: Industrial Modern …aggressive

Military might follows the MONEY Causes of Imperialism Political/Military: need for military bases to protect financial investments and to establish political influence (international) Military might follows the MONEY

Causes of Imperialism Social/Cultural: Western arrogance and ideas of “saving” the world while profiting in the process Social Darwinism Racism Christian Missionary zeal Greed??

Racism Racism – Belief in the superiority of one race. Race is a SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION!! Race has historically been used to justify social inequalities. Meaning: instead of saying something is unfair because of how the system is set up, racial markers/identifiers are used to explain why some people are disadvantaged.

Eugenics During the early part of the 20th century, the idea of racial superiority was given scientific credibility through a field called eugenics breeding applied to humans Eugenics is the study and practice of selective. Its goal was to establish racial purity as a way to improve society

How are ideas about race reinforced in society? Look at both examples 1. What comparisons are being made? 2. Are the comparisons favorable or unfavorable? 3. What do you think is the purpose of making these comparisons? 4. Look at the year each example was created. What was going on at the time that may help explain the purpose of the image Example 1: Illustrations from the book "Types of Mankind" by Josiah Nott and George Glidden,1854. Example 2: The top image is of Jewish men; the bottom, of rats. The two images appear together in the film "The Eternal Jew", made in the 1930s by Nazi filmmaker Fritz Hipler.

Imperialism Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world. Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.

Why did nations pursue Imperialism? Empire Building Economics Political and Military Interests Power and Authority Nineteenth Century – 1800s British Dominance - called the Victorian Era after Queen Victoria who ruled for 64 years

Forms of Imperialism Colonies – Americas, India, Africa Protectorates – Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam Spheres of influence - China

Forms of Imperialism Form Definition Example Colony A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony Protectorate A country or territory with its own internal government but is under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River Delta Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims excusive investment or trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States Economic Imperialism An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

Colonies This is an expensive form of imperialism in which a mother country sets up a bureaucracy to govern the locals. Under this form, rule can be either direct or indirect

Protectorates In this form of imperialism, local rulers are left in place with the understanding that they would accept advice of rulers from abroad, especially on trade, military or cultural issues.

Spheres of influence This is a form of imperialism in which an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment privileges in an area.

Imperialism in ASIA:

JAPANESE Imperialism

CHINA: Opium War 1839-1842 Economics of trade balance Britain spent too much silver on Chinese imports British East India Co. sold Opium to Chinese Chinese lost the war and Hong Kong

CHINA: Western spheres of influence Extraterritoriality: Europeans living in China did not have to live by Chinese laws, but by their own nation’s laws USA’s “Open Door Policy” declares equal access to China to all European nations…(AND the USA!)

CHINA: Boxer Rebellion Shadow-boxing and the name “Society of the Harmonious Fists” Another attempt to get foreigners OUT of China Failed after allied foreign armies crushed them and demanded payment for damages

Imperialism in AFRICA

Imperialism in Africa and Asia European domination European conflicts carried to the colonies Christian missionary efforts Spheres of influence in China Suez Canal – shortened the trip to India East India Company’s domination of Indian states American opening of Japan to trade

Suez Canal Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean The French and the Egyptians, with funding from France, began a canal to connect the two water bodies. Because Egypt could not pay their canal debts, they sold their shares to Great Britain 1882 – Egyptian nationalists rebel against foreign influence. British make Egypt a protectorate and take over control of the canal.

Effects Cont. Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements. Why did European countries participate in imperialism and a race for colonies? What were some responses of colonized peoples to European imperialism?

Effects of Industrial Revolution Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

Responses of colonized peoples Armed conflicts (e.g., events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China) Rise of nationalism (e.g., first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)