The Age of Jefferson & Beyond 1800-1824 *The Election of 1800 *The Jefferson Years *The Madison Years *The Monroe Years *Development of Unity and Division

II. The Jefferson Years 1801-1809 A. First peaceful transfer of power BETWEEN political parties B. Won the first contested election (which led to the ratification of the 12th Amendment) C. Domestic Issues 1. Marshall Court establishes the power of the Judicial Branch 2. Louisiana Purchase D. Used a new economic tool in foreign affairs…the EMBARGO ACT

No American ship could leave an American Port for a Foreign port. D. Foreign Issues EMBARGO ACT :1807 Impressment: taking of sailors off American ships and forced to serve on British and French ships Chesapeake Incident Terms of Embargo Act No American ship could leave an American Port for a Foreign port. No foreign vessel could load a cargo at an American Port. Smuggling rendered the Embargo Act useless. Northeastern states declared the act unconstitutional. (Null and void.) Leads to a depression in the US NON-INTERCOURSE ACT Americans forbidden to trade with France and Britain ONLY. As with the Embargo Act - INEFFECTUAL

E. Marshall Court Shortly after the formation of the new constitutional government, the Supreme Court established itself as an equal to the legislative and executive branches. The Marshall Court strengthened the power of the federal government and encouraged a sense of national unity. 3 major court cases: Marbury v. Madison (1803), McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), and Gibbons v Ogden (1824).

E. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 One of last laws passed by Federalists: Created 16 federal judgeships and other offices Adams signed some commissions for Federalist “midnight judges” on last night in office Aroused bitter resentment for “packing” lifetime posts with anti-Jeffersonians New Congress quickly repealed Judiciary Act of 1801

E. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary (cont.) Jeffersonians were also after new Chief Justice John Marshall: Served 34 years under various presidents Dominated Supreme Court by intellect and personality Shaped American legal tradition more than any other figure Committed to strengthening power of federal government

E. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary (cont.) Jeffersonians were also after new Chief Justice John Marshall: Served 34 years under various presidents Dominated Supreme Court by intellect and personality Shaped American legal tradition more than any other figure Committed to strengthening power of federal government

John Marshall, Chief Justice, 1808 Depicted here as a young man, Marshall was destined to serve on the Supreme Court for thirty-four years (1801–1835) and deeply molded constitutional law. Born in a log cabin on the Virginia frontier, he attended law lectures for just a few weeks at the College of William and Mary—his only formal education. Yet Marshall would go on to prove himself a brilliant chief justice. One admiring lawyer wrote of him, “His black eyes . . . possess an irradiating spirit, which proclaims the imperial powers of the mind that sits enthroned therein.” p211

V. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary (cont.) “Midnight judges” presented Marshall with historical opportunity: William Marbury appointed a justice of the peace by Adams Sued when he learned commission would not be delivered Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit Marbury v. Madison (1803) enabled Marshall to address question of who had final authority to determine meaning of Constitution

V. The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary (cont.) Marshall promoted principle of “judicial review”— Supreme Court alone had final word on questions of constitutionality Marshall inserted keystone into arch that supports tremendous power of Supreme Court in American life Jefferson urged impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase, but effort failed Established precedent of judicial independence

III. The Madison Years 1808-1816 A. Causes of the War of 1812 B. Success/Failures in the War

C. Hartford Convention D. Effects of the War

IV. The Monroe Years 1816-1824 A. Era of Good Feelings B. Foreign Concerns

The Monroe Doctrine United States foreign policy introduced in 1823 (with British support) stated further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring US intervention asserted the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries and that the US would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries The Doctrine was issued at a time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from the Spanish Empire and the US, reflecting concerns echoed by Britain, hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's colonies.

V. Development of Unity and Division A. Nationalism

B. Sectionalism