Enumerate the organs of female reproductive system

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Presentation transcript:

Enumerate the organs of female reproductive system Enumerate the organs of female reproductive system. Discuss the structure and functions of uterus Describe the uterus and its supports. Write short notes on Graffian Follicle

The Uterus Definition A hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive sys. Shape : pear-shaped, flattened anteroposteriorly Situation In the pelvic cavity Between urinary bladder and th rectum Position Anteverted – anteversion – leans forward Anteflexed – anteflexion – bent forward almost at right angles to the vagina with its anterior surface resting on the urinary bladder

When upright the uterus is almost horizontal. Wall 1 inch thick The parts of the uterus are: The fundus – dome shaped portion The body – main part. Narrowest inferiorly at the internal os. The cervix – protrudes through the anterior wall of the vagina, opening into it at the external os

Structure Wall – three layers Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Peritoneum – anteriorly vesico uterine pouch - posteriorly rectouterine pouch - laterally double fold, broad ligament – contains the fallopian tubes – which attaches the uterus to the sides of the pelvis

Myometrium Muscle layer. Blood vessels + nerves+ Endometrium Columnar epithelium – mucus secreting glands – the thickness of this layer varies during the monthly menstrual cycle. Cervical canal The cavity of the cervix – lined by mucous membrane above and squamous epithelium below continuous with that of the vagina

Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve supply Arterial supply – uterine arteries branches of the internal iliac arteries. Venous drainage – into the internal iliac veins through the named veins Lymph drainage – to the aortic lymph nodes and iliac nodes Nerve supply – sacral outflow and lumbar outflow of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres respectively.

Supports of the uterus Supported by the floor of the pelvic cavity The broad ligments Round ligaments – from the side of the uterine fundus to the inguinal canal whence it passes into the labium majus and merges in it. Uterosacral ligaments Transverse cervical ligaments (cardinal ligament) Pubocervical fascia

Functions of the Uterus Menstruation – preparation of the uterus to receive, nourish and protect the fertilized ovum Provides the environment for the growing foetus Delivery of the foetus at term – themuscles of the uterus contract strongly and push the foetus. The cervix responds by dilating and effacing.

Uterine Tubes 10 cm long Begin from the sides of the uterus at the junction of the body and fundus Situated in the free border of the broad ligament The lateral ends open near the ovaries The ends have finger like projections called fimbriae Ciliated epithelium lines the inside Peristaltic movements by smooth muscle layer Conveys the ovum from the ovary to the uterus Mucus secreted by the lining epithelium provides ideal environment for the movements of the ovum and sperm. Fertilization usually takes place in the uterine tube.

Ovaries Female gonads or glands In the lateral walls of the pelvis Attached to the upper part of the uterus by the ovarian ligament Attached to the broad ligament by mesovarium Structure Two layers Medulla Cortex Medulla – framework of connective tissue or stroma Covered by germinal epithelium Contains ovarian follicles

Ovary contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity Each ovarian follicle contains an ovum Before puberty the ovaries are inactive but the stroma already contains immature (primordial) follicles. During childbearing age one ovarian follicle (Graafian follicle) matures, ruptures and releases its ovum into the peritoneal cavity. This is called ovulation Ovulation occurs each menstrual cycle

Maturation of the follicle is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. While maturing, the folicle lining cells produce the hormone oestrogen. After ovulation the follicle lining cells develop into the corpus luteum (yellow body), under the influence of the luteinising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. Corpus luteum produces progesterone Fertlized ovum embeds itself in the wall of the uterus grows and produces the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin. Chorionic gonadotrophin stimulates the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone for the first 3 months of the pregnancy. If the ovum is not fertilised the corpus luteum degenerates and a new cycle begins with menstruation.

Section of the ovary. (After Schrön. ) 1. Outer covering. 1’ Section of the ovary. (After Schrön.) 1. Outer covering. 1’. Attached border. 2. Central stroma. 3. Peripheral stroma. 4. Bloodvessels. 5. Vesicular follicles in their earliest stage. 6, 7, 8. More advanced follicles. 9. An almost mature follicle. 9’. Follicle from which the ovum has escaped. 10. Corpus luteum.