A Changing Nation Section 4: Indian Removal Chapter 10 A Changing Nation Section 4: Indian Removal

Section 4 Essential Question Why did Jackson use force to remove Native Americans from the Southeast?

Section 4: Indian Removal Native Americans of the Southeast In 1828 more than 100,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi River These groups include the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek The lived in parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee Many of the southeastern Native Americans lived in towns or were farmers

Section 4: Indian Removal Native Americans of the Southeast (cont) The Cherokee Had adopted white customs Farmed, ran businesses Had their own schools Some converted to Christianity Their leader Sequoyah had created the Cherokee alphabet In 1827, they established a government based on a written constitution and claimed status as a separate nation. They had a newspaper published in both English and Cherokee

Section 4 Essential Question What were some of the customs and ways of life of the Cherokees? Many converted to Christianity, spoke English, and ran businesses.

Section 4: Indian Removal Conflict over Land To many government leaders and white farmers, Native Americans blocked westward expansion. Native Americans lived on fertile land and white farmers wanted this land for growing cotton. Forced Movement Many Americans including Thomas Jefferson, thought the only way to prevent conflict and protect Native American culture was to send Native Americans west.

Section 4: Indian Removal Conflict over Land (cont) Treaties Native Americans signed treaties after the war of 1812 – NW native Americans moved west of the Mississippi Pressure grew on SE Natives Monroe tried to get them to move White southerners demanded that they be moved by force Georgia passed a law forcing the Creek to give up most of their land 1828 they did the same with the Cherokee

The Cherokee In 1830--the same year the Indian Removal Act was passed--gold was found on Cherokee lands. Georgia held lotteries to give Cherokee land and gold rights to whites. Cherokees were not allowed to conduct tribal business, contract, testify in courts against whites, or mine for gold.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Supreme Court ruling Support for Native Americans The Cherokee challenged Georgia in court! Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Court refused to stop Georgia from enforcing its law

Worcester v. Georgia (1832) The Cherokees successfully challenged Georgia in the U.S. Supreme Court. In his ruling, John Marshall pointed to treaties that the United States had signed with the Cherokees. These treaties guaranteed certain territory to the Native Americans. President Jackson, when hearing of the Court's decision, reportedly said, "[Chief Justice] John Marshall has made his decision; let him enforce it now if he can.

Section 4 Essential Question According to Marshall, why was Georgia barred from applying its laws to Cherokee territory? Marshall said that the Cherokees had a right to their land because they were a Native American tribe that had treaties with the United States. The state of Georgia could not violate federal laws and treaties.

The Trail Where We Cried Indian Removal Act of 1830 The Trail Where We Cried (Trail of Tears) 1

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Section 4: Indian Removal The Trail of Tears Removal of the Choctaws Under the IRA of 1830 – the government gave lands west of the Mississippi for their lands east of the Mississippi Choctaws signed first They moved west guarded by soldiers from 1831-33 The government federal government did not give the Choctaws enough food and supplies for the long journey An army officer noted that One group walked 24 hours barefoot though the snow and ice before reaching shelter Removal of the Cherokee They held out longer, but were forced out in 1838 by Van Buren Similar conditions Guarded by thousands of soldiers, they marched hundreds of miles 15,000 began the journey - @11,000 arrived

Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal Act

Section 4 Essential Question What mistakes in planning did the government make before removing Native Americans? It did not provide enough tents, food, blankets, shoes, winter clothes, or other supplies.

Section 4 Essential Question Why did Jackson use force to remove Native Americans from the Southeast? Whites wanted their land, and Native Americans would not move voluntarily. The government decided that Native Americans stood in the way of westward expansion.