LEARNING
Classical Conditioning Stimulus, Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response
Who developed classical conditioning? __________________________ – 1904 Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology
Here’s What He Used….. Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Response (CR)
Diagram This Situation... Connor loves Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough ice cream from Scoops. He never paid much attention to the ice cream scooper they used to scoop the ice cream with until one day the scooper flew out of the server’s hand and hit him in the head and gave him a terrible headache. Now every time, he walks by scoops, he gets a splitting headache. In the story above, list the following: Neutral Stimulus (NS): _______________ Response (R): ______________________________ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): __________________ Unconditioned Response (UCR): _________________ Conditioned Stimulus (CS): ___________________ Conditioned Response (CR): ___________________
Tough to do when you don’t know what the terms mean Tough to do when you don’t know what the terms mean. So let’s learn what they mean….
What’s a STIMULUS? A STIMULUS
Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that you did not have to be _________ to react to You react by _________
Unconditioned Response A response that you ___________ have to be ___________ to react to
A stimulus that you have to be ___________ to reach to Conditioned Stimulus A stimulus that you have to be ___________ to reach to
A response that you have to be ____________ to reach to Conditioned Response A response that you have to be ____________ to reach to
A stimulus that doesn’t mean ________________________ Neutral Stimulus A stimulus that doesn’t mean ________________________
Classical Conditioning Pavlov studied how a person could __________ a dog’s behavior He especially focused on ______________
Classical Conditioning Pavlov wanted the dogs to drool every time he __________ a ______________ =
What’s happening here? =
Now the Learning Process…
What’s happening here? Pavlov then ___________________ as he showed the dog food…. And ____________________________! + =
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) So ultimately….. + = __________________________________becomes a __________________________________ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) __________________________________becomes a __________________________________
So ultimately….. After awhile, Pavlov only had to ring the bell and the dog would drool! =
Diagram This Situation... Connor loves Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough ice cream from Scoops. He never paid much attention to the ice cream scooper they used to scoop the ice cream with until one day the scooper flew out of the server’s hand and hit him in the head and gave him a terrible headache. Now every time, he walks by scoops, he gets a splitting headache. In the story above, list the following: Neutral Stimulus (NS): _______________ Response (R): ______________________________ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): __________________ Unconditioned Response (UCR): _________________ Conditioned Stimulus (CS): ___________________ Conditioned Response (CR): ___________________
So ultimately….. You will see the terms of Classical Conditioning everywhere now that you know about them.
Extensions of Classical Conditioning
What are extensions? After “discovering” classical conditioning, Pavlov spent of his life expanding upon his ideas. He cam up with some “extensions” that further develop/add on his theory.
What are the extensions? Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Higher-Order Conditioning
Acquisition The Preliminary stage of __________________ – This is when the person first ___________________the events together in their minds (It goes from unconditioned to conditioned)
Extinction The ____________________ of a conditioned response. Occurs when you stop pairing the US and NS/CS and time passes
You have to connect the ____ and ____ again for it to re-appear Spontaneous Recovery The ____________________ of a conditioned response after a rest period following extinction. You have to connect the ____ and ____ again for it to re-appear
Generalization When stimuli similar to the neutral stimulus ___________________________ as the neutral stimulus. “Yay! I love when Mr. C feeds me canned food! NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM” “Wait a second… IS THAT A CAN I HEAR???” “Yay! I’m about to get food! …Where is it???”
Discrimination When an organism __________________________________as the neutral stimulus. Opposite of generalization. Don’t confuse this with social psych’s discrimination. “Yay! I love when Mr. C feeds me canned food! NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM NOM” “Since I’m not being fed I think I’ll go spin instead.” “I just heard Mr. C open a can of soda. Not gonna fall for that one, bro.”
Higher-Order Conditioning After classical conditioning has successfully been established, ____________________________________________________________with the previously conditioned stimulus.
Cognitive Processes of CC Does classical conditioning work as well on humans as it does on animals? _____, because of our _____________ and _________________________
Classical Conditioning and Phobias
What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N
What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N 1. Do you go out of your way to walk around ladders instead of under them? 2. Do you ever rearrange your room, change your hairstyle, or do other things in the hope of changing your luck?
4. Do you feel, “uh-oh” when a black cat crosses your path? What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N 3. Do you have a good luck piece like a rabbit’s foot or a special coin or stone? 4. Do you feel, “uh-oh” when a black cat crosses your path?
5. On Friday the 13th, are you a little more cautious than usual? What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N 5. On Friday the 13th, are you a little more cautious than usual? 6. Do you feel that supporting an athletic team somehow helps them win?
What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N 7. Do you avoid stepping on cracks in the sidewalks? 8. Do you believe in the “7 years of bad luck” for a broken mirror?
What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N 9. Do you have a lucky number? 10. Do you have a lucky color?
11. Do you regularly read your horoscope in the newspaper or online? What are your PHOBIAS? Are you Superstitious? #1 – 12 – Answer Y or N 11. Do you regularly read your horoscope in the newspaper or online? 12. Do you sometimes feel it’s luckier to do thinks in a certain order?
What are your PHOBIAS? Count Your No’s 10 – 12 = Not at all 8 -9 = Hardly 5 – 7 = Average 3 – 4 = Fairly 0 – 2 = LOOK OUT!
What are your PHOBIAS? Superstitious
What are your PHOBIAS? Phobia
Top Ten Phobias Phobia
Top Ten Phobias 10.
Top Ten Phobias 9.
Top Ten Phobias 8.
Top Ten Phobias 7.
Top Ten Phobias 6.
Top Ten Phobias 5.
Top Ten Phobias 4.
Top Ten Phobias 3.
Top Ten Phobias 2.
Top Ten Phobias 1.
Phobic Anxiety Disorder Typical Symptoms include:
Reducing Fears and Phobias Flooding
Reducing Fears and Phobias Counterconditioning
Reducing Fears and Phobias Bell and Pad Methods US = UR = CS = CR =
All of these are Classical Conditioning John B. Watson and Little Albert US = UR = CS = CR =
Operant Conditioning
I was the first person to ask for rewards!!! Edward Thorndike I was the first person to ask for rewards!!! Thorndike came up with the ____________________________________________________________________ around 1900.
B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner extended and formalized Thorndike’s ideas beginning around 1940. B.F. Skinner is best known for ______________________________________________
B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning – _____________________________________________________________________ For example, if our actions result in people getting angry or disliking us, we are being operant conditioned to believe the world is a dangerous place.
B.F. Skinner Reinforcement –
Operant Chamber or Skinner Box
Shaping
The Consequence of Behavior Reinforcement When your dog begs for food at the table, and you give him/her a scrap. _______________________________________
FUN! Positive Reinforcement Positive and Negative Reinforcement Examples: Hungry rewards with food. Athletes reward with playing time. Your 16 reward with Driving. FUN!
Not FUN! Negative Reinforcement Positive and Negative Reinforcement Examples: Hot sun, we move to shade. Tired, we go to sleep. Take out trash to avoid mom yelling. Not FUN!
Positive and Negative Reinforcement Behavior: Positive Reinforcement Result: Negative Reinforcement:
Punishments F
Problems with Punishments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Do you agree with spanking in school? Punishments Do you agree with spanking in school?
Punishments Positive Punishment Same child – 13 days later Types of Punishments Positive Punishment Example: Same child – 13 days later
Which punishment hurts more? Punishments Types of Punishments Negative Punishment Example: Which punishment hurts more?
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement Primary Reinforcement
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
Reinforcement Schedules Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Reinforcing a response only part of the time – 4 types 1. Fixed-Ratio Schedules (FR) – – Example: 2. Variable-Ratio Schedules (VR) – – Example:
Reinforcement Schedules Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement 3. Fixed-Interval Schedule (FI) – – Example: 4. Variable-Interval Schedules (VI) – – Example:
Why do we act stupid??? 1. 2.
Cognitive Factors in Learning
Cognitive Factors in Learning Cognitive Learning
Cognitive Factors in Learning Two Type of Cognitive Learning
Cognitive Factors in Learning Latent Learning E.C. Tolman
Cognitive Factors in Learning Cognitive Maps E.C. Tolman
Cognitive Factors in Learning Insight and Learning Insight – Chimps acted as if they understood the problem Chimps rarely tried a solution that didn’t work out. The animals often reached a solution suddenly Wolfgang Kohler
Cognitive Factors in Learning Observational Learning Mirror Neurons Do-er Watcher
Cognitive Factors in Learning Alfred Bandura Showed that we acquire knowledge by MODELING MODELING –