Today’s Assignments 1/24/17 1. Warm-Up: Get a Paper from where you pick up your Warm-Ups. Complete on your own. 2. Today we are going to practice taking Guided Notes on Chapter 5-1 from the Textbook. 3. Page ______: When you have finished everything on your guided notes number this and place in your Interactive Notebooks 4. Complete the Activities for January 24th 2017 5. Exit Ticket: What was it like for enslaved African Americans in the south from 1816-1848?

Slavery and Western Expansion 1 Slavery and Western Expansion SECTION Warm-Up: If You were there... You are a reporter for a newspaper in Philadelphia in the 1850s. You are writing a series of articles about the slave system in the South. To get background for your stories, you are planning to interview some former slaves who now live in Philadelphia. Some have bought their freedom, while others successfully escaped from slavery. Directions: Answer the following question in 4 short sentences. What questions will you ask in your interview?

The Slave System SECTION 1 Most enslaved African Americans lived in rural areas where they worked on farms and plantations. On small farms enslaved people did a variety of jobs. On large farms most slaves were assigned to specific jobs. - Slave holders demanded that slaves worked as much as possible. Drivers – were supervisors who carried out masters orders. They often issued punishments to other slaves. - Some of these Drivers were slaves themselves. Most plantation owners used the gang-labor system. - Gang-Labor system –All field hands worked at the same time on the same task.

Working in the Field SECTION 1 Most slaves worked long hours- from sunup to sundown. - Former plantation slave, Harry McMillian, recalled that the field hands usually did not even get a break to eat lunch Men, women, and children older than about 10 usually did the same tasks: Mary Reynolds: “The times I hated most was picking cotton when the frost was on the bolls[seed pods]. My hands got sore and crack open and bleed.” Some slaves were lucky enough to work in the planters homes as cooks, nurses, or butlers. These slaves had better food, clothing, and shelter. They often had to work longer hours. They served the planters family 24 hours a day.

Working at Skilled Jobs SECTION 1 On larger plantations, some enslaved African Americans worked at skilled jobs like blacksmithing or carpentry. - Sometimes planters let these slaves sell their services to other people. They would keep a portion of the money, but allow the slaves to keep the rest. Slaves that worked skilled jobs often could earn enough money to buy back their freedom. - William Ellison earned his freedom in South Carolina by working for wages as a cotton gin maker. For years, he worked late at night and on Sundays. He bought his freedom with the money he earned. Eventually, he was also able to buy the freedom of his wife and daughter.

Life Under Slavery SECTION 1 Most slave owners viewed slaves as property and not people. - Slaveholders bought and sold slaves to make a profit. The most common method of sale was an auction. The auction itself was the only thing that determined if a slaves family would stay together. - Sometimes a buyer wanted a slave for a specific job and did not want to pay for the slaves family. Families would be separated with no hopes of getting back together. Sometimes slave traders kidnapped free African Americans. For example- Solomon Northup, was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. - He spent 12 years as a slave.

A Nurse’s Work Slaveholder’s children were often cared for by enslaved women. At the time, women who looked after children were called nurses. This nurse is posing with her slaveholder’s child in about 1850. As a slave, what might have happened to this woman’s family?

Living Conditions SECTION 1 Enslaved people lived through poor living conditions. Planters housed them in dirt floor cabins with few furnishings and often leaky roofs. - The clothing given to them was simple and usually made from cheap and course fabric. Slaves tried to improve their small food rations in any way they could. Some planters allowed slaves to keep their own gardens for vegetables, and chickens for eggs. Other slaves were able to add a little variety to their diet by fishing or picking wild berries.

Punishment and Slave Codes Punishments such as whipping, chains around the neck, and dungeons were used by slave owners. Punishment and Slave Codes SECTION 1 Some planters offered more food or better living conditions to encourage slave’s obedience . - However most slaveholders used punishment instead. Some would punish one slave as a warning to them all. “ The punishments were whipping, putting you in the stocks [wooden frames to lock people in] and making you wear irons and a chain at work. Than they had a collar to put around your neck with two horns, so that you could not lie down…Sometimes they dug a hole like a well with a door on top. This they called a dungeon keeping you in it two or three weeks or a month, or sometimes till you died in there.”

Punishment and Slave Codes SECTION 1 To control slaves even more, many slave owning states passed strict laws called slave codes. - Some laws prohibited slaves from traveling far from their homes. Literacy laws in most southern states prohibited the education of slaves. Alabama, Virginia, and Georgia had laws that allowed the fining and whipping of anyone caught teaching slaves. Many enslaved Africans found comfort in their community and culture. - They found time for social activity, even after exhausting workdays, in order to relieve the hardship of their lives.

Family and Community SECTION 1 Family was the most important aspect of slave communities, slaves feared separation more than they feared punishment. Enslaved parents kept their heritage alive by passing down family histories as well as African customs and traditions. Parents also told folktales to teach lessons about how to survive under slavery. - Folktales – stories with a moral. Folktales often included a clever animal character called a trickster. The trickster, often represented the slave defeated the stronger animal by outwitting it.

Religion Religion also played an important part in slave culture. SECTION 1 Religion also played an important part in slave culture. By the early 1800s many slaves were Christians. This is because they identified themselves with the slaves in the Old Testament. Some slaves sang spirituals to express their religious beliefs. - Spirituals – emotional Christian songs that blended African and European music. Many slaves worshipped in secret, out of sight of slaveholders. Maintaining their own religious beliefs and practices was only one way in which enslaved people resisted slaveholder’s attempts to control them completely.

Seeds of Rebellion SECTION 1 In small ways slaves rebelled against the system daily. Sometimes they worked slower to protest long house in the fields. Other times the ran away for a few days to avoid the angry master. Gaining your freedom by escaping to the North was hard. If they were discovered they were sent back to slaveholder to obey certain punishment. Many southerners lived in fear of violent slave revolts, even though very few actually occurred. The most violent slave revolt in the United States occurred in 1831. It was known as Nat Turner’s Rebellion.

Nat Turner SECTION 1 Nat Turner, a slave from Southampton County, Virginia believed that God had told him to end slavery. August 1831 Turner led a group of slaves in a plan to kill all of the slaveholders and their families in the county. ~ 60 total white men, women, and children. Turner and his group led authorities on a chase around the countryside for six weeks. He hid in caves and in the woods before he was caught and brought to trial. He was executed on November 11, 1831. After this rebellion many states strengthened their slave codes.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion Letter Nat Turner’s Rebellion In 1831 a white southerner who had escaped the rebellion wrote a letter describing the mood of the area where Nat Turner had killed slaveholders. “The oldest inhibitions of our county have never experienced such a distressing [terrible] time, as we have had since Sunday night last. The [slaves], about fifteen miles from this place, have massacred from 50 to 75 women and children, and some 8 to 10 men. Every house, room and corner in this place is full of women and children, driven from home, who had to take the woods, until they could get to this place. We are worn out with fatigue [tiredness].” Question: What emotions do you think the author of this letter was feeling?

Today’s Assignments 1/27/17 1. Warm-Up: Who was Nat Turner? How were most slaves treated in the South? 2. Today we are going to practice taking Guided Notes on Chapter 5-1. 3. Page 43: When you have finished everything on your guided notes number this and place in your Interactive Notebooks 5. Exit Ticket: What was it like for enslaved African Americans in the south from 1816-1848?

Immigrants and Urban Challenges 1 Immigrants and Urban Challenges SECTION Warm-Up: If You were there... It is 1850, and you are a German immigrant standing on the deck of a steamboat, crossing Lake Erie. Other immigrants are on board, but they are strangers to you. Soon, you will arrive at your new home in Cleveland, Ohio. You’ve been told that other Germans have settled there. You hope to find friends and work as a baker. Right now, America seems very big and very strange. Directions: Answer the following question in 4 short sentences. What would you expect from your new life in America?

Irish Potato Famine SECTION 1 In the mid-1800s, large numbers of immigrants crossed the Atlantic Ocean to begin new lives in the United States. - More than 4 million of them settled in the United States between 1840 and 1860. More than 3 million of these immigrants arrived from Ireland and Germany. In the mid-1840s, Late blight, a disease that causes rot in potatoes, left many families with little food. - Irish Potato Famine - More than 1 million Irish died from starvation and disease . Most Irish fled to the United States. Many Irish settled in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Irish Famine Graveyard(1) Famine Ship(2)

Millions of Immigrants Arrive SECTION 1 Many Irish immigrants were very poor and worked unskilled jobs in the cities or on building canals and railroads. Irish women worked as domestic servants for wealthy families. - Many of these women worked more than 16 hours a day. Many Germans also came to the United States during this time. - Some educated Germans fled to the United States to escape persecution caused by their political activities. Most Germans came to America for economic reasons. The United States seems to offer greater economic opportunity and more freedom from the government.

German Revolution SECTION 1 German immigrants were more likely than the Irish to become farmers and live in rural areas. - Normally Germans moved to the Midwestern states where more land was available. More Germans arrived in the United States with money in their pockets. German immigrants were still forced to take low-paying jobs. - Examples: Tailors, seamstresses, bricklayers, servants, clerks, cabinetmakers, bakers, and food merchants.

Anti-Immigration Movements SECTION 1 Industrialization and the waves of people from Europe greatly changed the American labor force. Many native-born Americans feared losing their jobs to immigrants, who were willing to work for lower wages. Nativists – Americans and others who opposed immigration. In 1849, Nativists joined together to form a party known as the Know-Nothing Party. - Know-Nothing Party – supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens or hold office.

Rapid Growth of Cities SECTION 1 The Industrial Revolution led to the creation of many new jobs in American cities. The Transportation Revolution helped connect cities and made it easier for people to move to them. - American cities grew rapidly in the mid-1800s because of the Industrial and Transportation Revolutions. The rise of cities and the growth of industry changed American life. - Those who owned their own businesses or worked in skilled jobs benefitted the most . The new class of people which was at an economic level between the wealthy and the poor was called the middle class. In the growing cities, many people enjoyed visiting places such as libraries and clubs, or attending concerts or lectures. - Cities during this time were large, crowded, and compact. Many people lived close enough to their jobs to walk.

Urban Problems SECTION 1 American cities in the mid-1800s faced many challenges due to the rapid growth. Transportation was limited to everyone so people had to live close to their workplace. There was a lack of safety for all immigrants. - Many immigrants could only afford to live in tenements – poorly designed apartment buildings that housed large numbers of people. Public services were also very poor. Major cities did not have clean water, public health regulations, or a healthy way to get rid of garbage and human waste. - Diseases spread easily and criminal activity grew fast. In many large cities there was no police protection or fire safety professionals.