6.2 – Part III Global Conflicts and Their Consequences Key Concepts 6.2 – Part III Global Conflicts and Their Consequences

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial powers maintained cultural and economic ties even after the dissolution of empires. South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the U.S. The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations. Armenia (Armenian Genocide during WWI) The Holocaust (WWII) Cambodia (Khmer Rouge) Rwanda (Hutu/Tootsie) 1994 Palestinians (Refugee after creation of Isreal) Darfurians (Refugee in the Sudan Region)

Genocide An act committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Gregory H. Stanton’s 8 Stages of Genocide: Classification: Distinguishing people into “us” and “them” by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality: German vs. Jew, Hutu vs. Tutsi. Symbolization: Giving names or symbols to the classification. Distinguishing people by colors or dress and applying symbols to group members. Dehumanization: Denying the humanity of the other group. Members are equated to vermin, insects, diseases, or animals. Organization: Organizing plans for genocide, usually the state, often using militias to provide deniability of state responsibility. Polarization: Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda, Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction. Preparation: Separation of people by ethnic or religious heritage, creation of “death lists”, property is confiscated/expropriated. Extermination: The mass killing legally known as genocide occurs, killers refer to it as extermination to reflect victims loss of humanity. Denial: The covering up of crimes & evidence, blaming of victims, and intimidation of witnesses.

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies, for the purpose of waging war. Governments also used a variety of strategies, including political speeches, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize these populations. The Gurkha soldiers in India The ANZAC troops in Australia Military conscription The sources of global conflict in the first half of the century varied: Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan Competition for resources Ethnic conflict Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany Nationalist ideologies The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression.

World War I The Great War, The War to End all Wars, and the War of the Industrial Revolution is one of those things that can easily be misunderstood. It helps represent a crossroad in the history of the world (or at least the Western World) with implications for all of humanity: Normalization for cynicism and irony Geopolitical consequences leading into World War II

World War I and Trench Warfare MAIN Causes: Militarism: Policy of aggressive preparedness (building of weapons, ships, increase in size of armies) Alliances: System of alliances between Great Powers Imperialism: Competition over foreign resources Nationalism: Pride in one’s nation, leads to unification, separation, independence, competition Spark of WWI: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Trench Warfare: Strategy of defending a position by fighting from deep, protected ditches. (Result of technology: Machine Gun, Artillery, Bolt-Action Rifles) Two Major Fronts: Eastern Front & Western Front. Stalemate resulted on the Western Front (Inability for either side to win a decisive victory)…Lasted 4 Years! New Technology Used to break Stalemate: Tanks, Planes, Gas

The Gurkha Soldiers of the British Empire An example of the use of people from colonized regions of an empire. Gurkha refers to a region of N.E. India/Nepal during the British Colonial period. 1814-1816 Originated from a dispute with Nepal over borders with British East India Company. Eventually Gurkha soldiers would become a major part of the British Indian Army after the Indian Revolt of 1857. 200,000 Fought in World War I 250,000 Fought in World War II After Indian partition most Gurkha regiments were split between British and Indian Army with many opting to stay in familiar India.

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe. The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War.

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change. Picasso in his Guernica (later slide) The antinuclear movement during the Cold War Thich Quang Duc by self-immolation (later slide) Gandhi Martin Luther King Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders. Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong The Non-Aligned Movement, which presented an alternative political bloc to the Cold War The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa Participants in the global uprisings of 1968 The Tiananmen Square protesters that promoted democracy in China

Picasso’s Guernica: Painted in 1937, Guernica is an anti-war painting that was created by Picasso in response to bombing of Guernica in Spanish Basque Country during the Spanish Civil War on 4/26/37. Anti War, Anti Fascist, Statement of how war affects individuals. Picasso’s intention was to have the painting delivered to Spain when liberty and democracy were established. First exhibited in Spain in 1981.

6/11/63: Quang Duc committed self-immolation in protest to the S 6/11/63: Quang Duc committed self-immolation in protest to the S. Vietnamese Diem government for its persecution of Buddhists. Diem was staunchly Catholic, was backed by the U.S. who later supported his removal and assassination by military coup.

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. The promotion of military dictatorship in Chile, Spain, and Uganda The United States’ promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War The buildup of the “military-industrial complex” and arms trading More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims. IRA: Irish republican Army (N. Ireland) ETA: (Basque Homeland and Freedom) Al-Qaeda: (Islamic Fundamentalist Organization) Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular culture. Dadaism (Artistic) James Bond Socialist Realism Video games

Military Dictatorship Chile 1973-1990, under Augusto Pinochet. Economic issues in Chile in 1972 lead to the seizure of power by the military the next year. Involvement of the U.S. in the coup itself is disputed, however many believe the CIA was involved. CIA funds and military support was given to the Pinochet government after they took power. Transition back to democracy began in 1988 Spain 1939-1975, under Francisco Franco (Died in 1975 Democratic Elections in 1978). Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 lead Franco (supported by fascist Italy and Germany) to power. Franco ruled Spain as a dictator until his death when the king returned to power and transitioned Spain to a democracy. Uganda 1971-1979, under Idi Amin. Uganda became independent from Great Britain in 1962 Amin killed as many as 300,000 Ugandans during rule All three dictatorships characterized by the killing of opposition, civil rights abuses, and mismanagement.

IRA, ETA, Al-Qaeda Irish Republican Army: ETA: Al-Qaeda: The IRA history is complex with the foundations of the IRA being in Irish War for Independence 1919-1920. Following independence there was a split in the IRA with those opposed to the treaty with Britain remaining as the IRA. (Dispute over Northern Ireland) Popularly known for its role in “the Troubles” period of Irish history in Northern Ireland that lasted from 1968-1998 and included bombings, shootings, and paramilitary conflict between Nationalist and Loyalist forces in N. Ireland. ETA: Labeled as a terrorist organization by the Spanish, French and U.S., ETA is a Basque separatist group. It has its roots in the anti-Franco and Basque Nationalism in Northern Spain. Since the end of the Spanish Dictatorship in 1975 ETA has continued to use violence to achieve a separate Basque state. Responsible for several deadly bombings at sports, tourist, and infrastructure targets. ETA signed a ceasefire and ended all armed hostilities in 2011. Al-Qaeda: Started by Osama bin Laden and other militants sometime in 1988/1989. Anti-U.S. organization that has sought to provoke armed conflict with the United States. Bin Laden was killed in 2011 and Al-Qaeda has splintered into “franchise” groups in locations around the world: (Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Al-Qaeda in Yemen, Etc.)

Video Games Video Gaming itself is a 20th/21st Century Thing! Developed in the 1950’s by academics as part of early computer science research. Reaches mainstream popularity in the 1970’s/1980’s Console, PC, arcade Multiple genre Reflection of society and culture Many early games like missile defender also mimicked the fear of the Cold War Modern First Person Shooters and Real Time Strategy games mimic the conflict both real and imagined in the Middle East.