Representing climate change poses four challenges   rendering the intangible accessible to the senses making the spatial and temporal scale meaningful doing justice to the interaction of human and natural agency avoiding distortion through narrative closure. Timothy Morton, Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World, University of Minnesota Press, 2013 Timothy Clark, Ecocriticism on the Edge, The Anthropocene as a Threshold Concept, 2015 ‚scalar derangement‘

Non-realist narrative Literary realism Jonathan Franzen, Freedom, 2010 Barbara Kingsolver, Flight Behaviour, 2012 Kim Stanley Robinson, ‚Science in the Capital‘ trilogy, 2004-7 Paolo Bacigalupi, The Windup Girl, 2011 Non-realist narrative Jeanette Winterson, The Stone Gods, 2007 Dale Pendell, The Great Bay, 2010 Alexis Wright, Carpentaria, 2006; The Swan Book, 2013 David Brin, Earth, 1990 Emmi Itäranta, Memory of Water, 2014 W.G. Sebald, The Rings of Saturn, 1995 Max Frisch, Man in the Holocene, 1980

Franz Friedrich, The Tits of Uusimaa Have Stopped Singing (2014)

Siberian Tits or Grey-headed Chickadees The Siberian Tit (Parus cinctus or Poecile cincta) - also known as Grey-headed Chickadee - is resident (non-migratory) and widespread throughout subarctic Scandinavia and northern Asia, and also into North America in Alaska and the far northwest of Canada.

Conclusion   Alexa Weik von Mossner, Affective Ecologies. Empathy, Emotion and Environmental Narrative, Ohio State University Press, 2017 Erin James and Eric Morel, Ecocriticism and Narrative Theory, Ohio State University Press, forthcoming How do environmental narratives invite us to care for human and nonhuman others who are at risk? Writers draw on a repertoire of narrative and rhetorical techniques to engage readers sensually and emotionally. Techniques cueing the readers’ imagination which merit further study: the role of realism organisation of space and time narrative focalisation and perspective forms or narration, narrative voice alignment of the environment with characters attribution and enactment of consciousness authorial strategic empathy anthropomorphism