The Transformation of the West, 1450–1750 18 The Transformation of the West, 1450–1750

Figure 18.1 This tapestry with a Tree of Life design from India dates from the early 18th century. This particular design is on cotton, but it shows the colors and artistry that made Indian fabrics such a popular global commodity in the postclassical and Early Modern periods. Figure 18.1 This tapestry with a Tree of Life design from India dates from the early 18th century. This particular design is on cotton, but it shows the colors and artistry that made Indian fabrics such a popular global commodity in the postclassical and Early Modern periods.

Chapter Overview The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450–1650 The Commercial Revolution The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change Political Change The West by 1750

TIMELINE 1300 C.E. to 1750 C.E. TIMELINE 1300 C.E. to 1750 C.E.

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce A New Spirit Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Secular writing The Italian Renaissance Begins 14th, 15th centuries In northern Italy

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Italian Renaissance Italy Urbanized Merchant class Political rivalry Petrarch, Boccaccio Use Italian Secular topics

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Italian Renaissance Painting Use of perspective Shadow, distance Focus on humans Michelango Buonarotti Leonardo da Vinci Niccolo Machiavelli

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Italian Renaissance Humanism Looking back to classical past Study of texts, especially ancient Encouraged innovation

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Renaissance Moves Northward By 1500, impetus moves north Northern Renaissance France, Low Countries, England, Germany Thence to eastern Europe Francis I More concerned with religious matters William Shakespeare Miguel de Cervantes

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce Changes in Technology and Family Johannes Gutenberg Movable type Advances in literacy European-style family pattern Late marriage Nuclear family Limit birth rates

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Protestant and Catholic Reformations 1517, Martin Luther and Protestantism Attacks church institutions Bible the only authority Vernacular translations Protestant protest used for political gain German opposition to the papacy Rulers seize church lands

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Protestant and Catholic Reformations Henry VIII Establishes Anglican church Jean Calvin Calvinism Predestination

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The Protestant and Catholic Reformations Catholic Reformation Renewal Jesuits Missionaries Education

Map 18.1 Western Europe During the Renaissance and Reformation Different Protestant denominations made inroads in much of northwestern Europe with the Reformation, but Catholicism maintained its hold on significant portions of the continent. Map 18.1 Western Europe During the Renaissance and Reformation Different Protestant denominations made inroads in much of northwestern Europe with the Reformation, but Catholicism maintained its hold on significant portions of the continent.

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The End of Christian Unity in the West Religious Wars France Calvinists v. Catholics 1598, Edict of Nantes Promises Protestants' toleration Thirty Years War (1618–1648) Devastating to Germany Netherlands independent Treaty of Westphalia

The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce The End of Christian Unity in the West Religious Wars English Civil War 1640s Calvinists, Anglicans, remaining Catholics Dominated politics for almost a century Lessened connection between God and nature Literacy increases

Figure 18.2 Civil war over religious issues and the relative power of king and parliament resulted in the beheading of Charles I in London in 1649. As this painting suggests, the regicide was one of the most controversial events in English history. Figure 18.2 Civil war over religious issues and the relative power of king and parliament resulted in the beheading of Charles I in London in 1649. As this painting suggests, the regicide was one of the most controversial events in English history.

Map 18.2 Europe Under Absolute Monarchy, 1715 The rise of absolute monarchies led to consolidation of national borders as states asserted full control of areas within their boundaries. For example, a recent study shows that villages that straddled the French–Spanish border were undifferentiated before 1600, but by 1700 they showed marked national differences because of different state policies and the greater impact of belonging to one state or another. Map 18.2 Europe Under Absolute Monarchy, 1715 The rise of absolute monarchies led to consolidation of national borders as states asserted full control of areas within their boundaries. For example, a recent study shows that villages that straddled the French–Spanish border were undifferentiated before 1600, but by 1700 they showed marked national differences because of different state policies and the greater impact of belonging to one state or another.

The Commercial Revolution The Impact of the World Economy Inflation, 16th century Gold, silver from New World Demand outstrips supply Prosperity increase for ordinary people and merchants

The Commercial Revolution Social Protest Proletariat develops Attitudes towards poor change Protests Witchcraft persecution A Balance Sheet Europe more commercial Religion remained strong despite role shift

Map 18. 3 European Population Density, c Map 18.3 European Population Density, c. 1600 Europe experienced new levels of population concentration in some urban areas by 1600, although by Asian standards, city size remained fairly modest. Map 18.3 European Population Density, c. 1600 Europe experienced new levels of population concentration in some urban areas by 1600, although by Asian standards, city size remained fairly modest.

The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change Did Copernicus Copy? Nicolaus Copernicus Polish monk Planets move around sun Work of al-Urdi, al-Tusi Earlier Arab scientists May have had knowledge of them

The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change Science: The New Authority Johannes Kepler Observations confirm earlier work New instruments add to data collection Galileo Galilei Uses Copernicus' work William Harvey Circulatory system

Figure 18.3 Johannes Kepler, one of the leading figures in the Scientific Revolution.

The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change Science: The New Authority Methods Francis Bacon Empirical research René Descartes Skepticism Isaac Newton System of natural laws

The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change Science: The New Authority Deism God does not intervene with nature John Locke Use of reason

Visualizing the Past Versailles The palace at Versailles.

Political Change Absolute Monarchies 17th century, medieval balance disrupted France dominates Centralized monarchy Bureaucracy "Absolute monarchy" Louis XIV the best example Nobles kept at court

Political Change Absolute Monarchies Other absolute monarchs Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary Territorial expansion

Political Change Parliamentary Monarchies England Difference of representatives selected by noble and upper urban classes Civil War Glorious Revolution Parliament triumphant

Elites and Masses End of the witchcraft hysteria Who makes the changes Not brought about by leaders Ordinary peoples' openness to change Older women maintain low profile Who makes the changes Elite vs. ordinary Science opens gap among educated Innovation of family by ordinary people New parent–child relationships

Political Change The Nation-State Common language, culture National literature, songs, foods Territorial aspect Common allegiance

The West by 1750 Political Patterns Great change in central Europe Frederick the Great of Prussia Religious freedom State regulates economy Overseas commercial networks

The West by 1750 Political Patterns Continual warfare France v. Britain Rivalry over overseas territory Prussia v. Austria Territorial conflicts

The West by 1750 Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment Scientific methods applied to other fields General principles People are good Reason the answer Belief in progress

The West by 1750 Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture Political science Adam Smith Laissez-faire Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie Mary Wollstonecraft

The West by 1750 Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture Journals, books Society Women's rights Protection of children Attack inequities

Figure 18.4 Portrait of feminist Mary Wollstonecraft.

The West by 1750 Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing Mass consumerism Agriculture Nitrogen-fixing crops Stockbreeding Swamp drainage Potatoes, etc. introduced

The West by 1750 Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing Domestic system Households produce finished goods Innovation and Instability Change becomes the norm Commercial Cultural Political