Development of Modern America

The Second Industrial Revolution (1870 – 1914) An era of unprecedented economic growth in the U.S. By 1900, the U.S. becomes the world’s largest economy, producing 35% of the world’s manufactured goods. [1] Natural Resources [2] Population Growth [3] Urbanization [4] An Age of Inventions “Industrial Triangle”

Industrialization during the “Second Industrial Revolution” and Gilded Age is largely credited with _________________ which was a positive development for average Americans. A. More than 30,000 workers deaths each year B. Creating a much larger American Middle-Class C. Making available to Americans a wider array of consumer goods D. Answers “B” and “C” E. Answers “A,” “B,” and “C”

One of the most consistently supported ideals during the Gilded Age and an ideal that strongly affects our nation’s attitudes today is ___________, as no matter how humble one’s origins, anyone can rise in society and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them. A. Capitalism B. Entrepreneurism C. Social Darwinism D. Individualism

Horatio Alger stories … Individualism …

Rugged Individualism: “Success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside of your control.” Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 44 nations, 2002. Nigeria: 32% disagree South Africa: 24% disagree India: 14% disagree

“Success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside of your control.” Japan: 52% disagree Egypt: 42% disagree Jordan: 39% disagree Turkey: 17% disagree Uzbekistan; 36% disagree China: 25% disagree

United States: 65% disagree “Success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside of your control.” Great Britain: 48% disagree France: 44% disagree Germany: 31% disagree Poland: 29% disagree Ukraine: 35% disagree Russia: 36% disagree United States: 65% disagree

What’s the proper role of the state (government)? “It is the responsibility of the (state or government) to take care of very poor people who can’t take care of themselves.” % Completely Agree…. Turkey: 73% agree Uzbekistan: 70% agree India: 74% agree

“It is the responsibility of the (state or government) to take care of very poor people who can’t take care of themselves.” % completely agree Great Britain: 59% agree Germany: 45% agree Poland: 59% agree Ukraine: 57% agree Russia: 70% agree United States: 29% agree

Need for Unions: - Hardships of factory work and sweatshops

Knights of Labor: Haymarket Riot (1886) - Welcomed African-Americans & women - Argued for the following: 1 – Eight-hour work day 2 – Equal pay for women 3 – Abolition of child labor 4 – Creation of worker-owned factories Haymarket Riot (1886) - Impact: - [1] Knights of Labor died out - [2] Unions in general suffered, as they were blamed for the violence

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Pullman Strike (1893) - George Pullman, created a “company town” - Strike organized by Eugene Debs American Federation of Labor (AFL) - Promoted interest of craft / trade labor union - Advocated “bread and butter” issues - (1) wages, (2) working hours, and (3) working conditions

Women in the workforce: Homestead Strike (1892) - Strike resulted in public opinion being against unions. Women in the workforce: - 18% of the total labor force - What women did in workforce … ** Why paid less? - It was assumed women had a man supporting them at home. ** Most unions excluded women.

Marxism? How society progresses, - “Class struggle” is the basic force shaping society How society progresses, according to Marxism: 1 – Workers revolt 2 – Seize control of factories 3 – Overthrow the government supporting “capitalism” 4 – After “the revolution,” the “new” government would seize all private property and create a “communist society”

Communism An economic and political system, with complete control by the government over the entire economy and society. Anti-capitalistic Anti-religious Anti-nationalistic, “Workers of the world, unite” Politically, there is one-party political rule

Did life improve for Average Americans during the 2nd Industrial Revolution? Why or why not?

Evidence that Life Improved GNP (GDP) per capita increased from $531 (1870) to $1,299 (1910). Percentage of income spent on food 32% (1870) to 25% (1910). Wider availability of food. Infant mortality rate decreased, while life expectancy increased. Wider availability of consumer goods.

Evidence that Life Became Worse Average male, non-farm employee in 1900 made $483 a year, $1.55 a day, working six days a week, 10-hour days, without a single paid holiday, making $13,000 a year in today’s dollars. Difficult conditions: 35,000 work-place related deaths in 1900, with few safety regulations, no workers’ compensation, and no disability pensions. Respiratory problems: toxic fumes from factories Children at work: 10-14 hour days, and machinery could catch fingers, arms, and legs.

“Gospel of Wealth” called on the wealthy to improve society, and his efforts stimulated a wave of philanthropy. "I should consider it a disgrace to die a rich man" - 1887.

In the Article (1889): “WHETHER THE LAW [of competition] be benign or not, we must say of it … “ “We accept and welcome … the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of the few … as being not only beneficial but essential to the future progress of the race.”

“Progressive Era Reforms” What we don’t have before 1889 … Worker safety laws Workers’ compensation laws Era Reforms” Meat Inspection Act (1906) – Regulations Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) – Regulations Environmental Conservation (1905 & 1906) – Protecting Lands 16th Amendment (1913) – Income Tax Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – Protect Unions Regarding child labor, workers’ compensation, limiting hours, zoning and building codes

Henry George “The march of invention has clothed mankind with powers of which a century ago the boldest imagination could not have dreamt. But in factories where laborsaving machinery has reached its most wonderful development, little children are at work; wherever the new forces are anything like fully utilized, large classes are maintained by charity or live on the verge of recourse to it; amid the greatest accumulations of wealth, men die of starvation and puny infants suckle dry breasts; while everywhere the greed of gain, the worship of wealth shows the force of the fear of want.”

Socialism An economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income.” Some government ownership of land, goods, or resources. Remove sectors of the economy away from the capitalist system Socialism can exist alongside capitalism and democracy An attempt to “share the profits of society.” Not anti-religious

Theodore Roosevelt: the “accidental President” Republican (1901-1909) National Forest Service (1905) Socialism? Antiquities Act (1906) Wadsworth.com (portrait and on horseback); Underwood and Underwood. Theodore Roosevelt Addressing a Crowd, 1901-09. Collection of The New-York Historical Society. PBS- American Photography

Socialism? Other protected habitats - 5 national parks - 18 national monuments - 150 National Forests - 51 bird sanctuaries - 4 game refuges - 230 million acres preserved Wadsworth.com (portrait and on horseback); Underwood and Underwood. Theodore Roosevelt Addressing a Crowd, 1901-09. Collection of The New-York Historical Society. PBS- American Photography

Socialism Public school system Unemployment insurance Public police departments U.S. Military Public lands (National Parks Service) Welfare programs Social Security

CONSERVATION: National Parks and Forests Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

The following goal of ___________ is something the Knights of Labor wanted to achieve and could be interpreted as a way to accomplish “broad social reform.” A. Replacing capitalism with workers’ cooperatives B. Higher wages C. Better working conditions D. Shorter workday

Homestead Act (1862) - Free land - Federal government land for settling the Plains - Legislation passed during the Civil War which led to the rapid settling of the Great Plains as individuals had to pay a $10 registration fee to file a claim for 160 acres. - After improving the land for five years, they received the legal title.

- Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 Free land - Federal government land to states for establishing colleges.

Settling the West – Railroads Pacific Railway Act of 1862 Free land – Federal government land to companies for every mile of track built. Land Grants Competition between the Union Pacific and Central Pacific encouraged

The dominant philosophy during the Gilded Age, believed by many of our nation’s leaders in business and government, this was called _________________, which argued that the government should not help the poor, success is determined only by hard work, and society should support a “survival of the fittest” attitude. A. Capitalism B. Entrepreneurism C. Social Darwinism D. Individualism

George Westinghouse Elisha Otis Gustavus Swift Thomas Edison John Wanamaker

The following term called ______________ represents a legal arrangement to get around anti-monopoly laws that allows for one company (usually the wealthier company) to manage another company’s property, whereby instead of buying a company outright, it manages the not-as-wealthy company through a board of advisers. A. Trust B. Merger C. Corporation D. Vertical integration

Consolidation of Big Business Vertical integration … “the supply chain of that company is owned by that company …” Andrew Carnegie … Horizontal integration … “a company acquires like assets …” John D. Rockefeller … Cornelius Vanderbilt … Trust … “or a corporate trust; formed to get around monopoly laws …”

Captains of Industry Cornelius Vanderbilt How were these men successful? (1794 – 1877) 1817 – ferry boat captain 1820’s – goes into business on his own 1850’s – supports the California Gold Rush 1860’s – shifts focus to railroad industry 1869 – “Horizontal Integration” … forms “New York Central” 1871 – builds New York’s Grand Central Terminal 1873 – extends control of railway routes connecting New York City to Chicago Cornelius Vanderbilt

Captains of Industry John D. Rockefeller How were these men successful? (1839 – 1937) “Job Day” – Sept. 26, 1855 1859 – America’s first oil well was drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania 1866 – “train crash” & later meeting w/ Vanderbilt 1870 – founds Standard Oil 1872 – “the Cleveland Massacre” – take-over to “control” 90% of oil refinery business 1882 – reorganized under the “Standard Oil Trust” John D. Rockefeller

The following ____________ best explains why Andrew Carnegie was successful as a businessman, eventually becoming a dominant “Captain of Industry” within the steel industry. A. He saw oil drilling as inefficient, so very early on in his career focused on the steel industry B. He introduces the Bessemer process to the United States, taking advantage of this cheap method of producing steel C. In incorporating the concept of vertical integration, he comes to own the raw materials associated with the production of steel D. Answers “A,” “B,” and “C” E. Answers “B” and “C”

Captains of Industry Andrew Carnegie How were these men successful? (1835 – 1919) 1847 – works as a “bobbin boy” then as a telegraph operator 1849 – “secretary” to Thomas Scott 1859 – division superintendent 1865 – “Vertical Integration” … begins telegraph company & iron bridge building company 1870 – begins first steel factory, near Pittsburgh (Homestead, PA) 1870’s – 1890’s – enters the steel business & becomes the dominant force in the industry 1875 – “How?” begins “Bessemer Process” in U.S. 1901 – sells Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan Andrew Carnegie

Politics in the Gilded Age “1873 – 1900” “Party bosses” & the political urban machine “Graft” Handout: First Side: (1) Why is this corruption? Second Side: (2) what do these statistics tell us?” (High voter turn-out??)

Politics in the Gilded Age ** Political Era defined by the following - 1 - Defining aspects of elections … - Avoid Conflict on major issues - High voter turn-out - High Voter Identity - “The bloody shirt”

Politics in the Gilded Age “1873 – 1900” “Black Friday” scandal – September 24, 1869 Attempt to corner the gold market … 1872 – “Credit Mobilier” fraud “Dummy” construction company & excessive prices 1873 – “Lord Gordon-Gordon Incident” Fraud from Scotland … Corruption!! Jay Gould Lord Gordon-Gordon … Is this his real name? We don’t know.

Not on Mount Rushmore!! Grant: “Well intentioned, yet defined by fraud” Hayes: “His Fraudulency” Garfield: Being assassinated ** “Stalwarts” vs. “Half-breeds” Ulysses S. Grant (1869 – 1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 – 1881) James A. Garfield (1881) - Died Sept. 19, 1881

Not on Mount Rushmore!! Arthur: “Prince Arthur” the “ironic reformer” Harrison: Tariffs, Anti-Trust Act, and land reserves Cleveland: “The veto-er” & “I Want My Pa!” campaign McKinley: Imperialist President Chester A. Arthur (1881 - 1885) Benjamin Harrison (1889 - 1893) Grover Cleveland (1885 – 1889 & 1893 - 1897) William McKinley (1897 - 1901)

The availability of jobs in cities, a democratic system of government, cheap land in the American West, and a system of volunteer participation in the military were all ___________ for various immigrants groups coming to America. A. Pull factors B. Nativist factors C. Push factors D. “Game changers”

Why They Came? Push Factors - Farm poverty and worker uncertainty - Wars and compulsory military service - Political tyranny - Religious persecution - Population pressures Pull Factors - Plenty of land and work - Higher standard of living - Democratic political system - Opportunity for social advancement

“Old” Immigrants were WASPs – White, Anglo-Saxon protestants Why Nativism? Causes of nativist sentiment? (write these …) Old – Northern Europeans: Ireland, Germany, England, and Scandinavian countries. Before the Civil War (write this …) “Old” Immigrants were WASPs – White, Anglo-Saxon protestants - Newcomers needed to be “Americanized” - Immigration a “problem to be solved”

1890 is the “year of division” Cultural Differences between “Old” versus “New” immigrants … 1890 is the “year of division” New – Southeastern Europeans, mainly from Italy, Greece, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, as well as Canada and China, but also record numbers of Irish & Germans By 1900 … By 1920 … “New” Immigrants were largely Catholic and Jewish - Resisted complete “Americanization”

Efforts to retain the Culture: “New” Immigrants Largely urban dwellers - By 1900, percentage of foreign born … Efforts to retain the Culture: (1) “Saloon culture” versus the “Sunday Blue Laws” / Puritan culture … (2) Practiced “Chain migration” … (3) Parochial Schools … (4) Settled in “Ethnic Enclaves” …

The following group of workers, ____________, during the Second Industrial Revolution and Gilded Age are largely credited with being willing to work for very low-paying jobs and willing to move anywhere in search for a job. A. Union workers B. The “Wobblies” C. Former farmers D. Immigrants