Industrial Revolution, c. 1750-1850

Industrial Revolution--Why England? Seven reasons 1. Application of machine power 2. Dynamic society 3. Expanding population supplied more workers and the initial market for products *What fed the growing urban population?

Industrial Revolution—Why England? From open-field system to Enclosure Movement “Gentlemen farmers” Charles Townsend (1674-1738) Jethro Tull (1674-1741) Enclosure Acts http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/_images/_pictures/tl48.jpg Open-Field Enclosed Fields

Industrial Revolution—Why England? From “cottage industry” to factories Cottage Spinner Image left-top and following text: http://www.weaverstriangle.co.uk/history/cottage.htm Cottage Industry The 18th Century saw the beginning of the changes that were to turn Burnley into an industrial town. The woollen trade was well established and two new developments were taking place. The first was the introduction of worsted manufacture. This involved the careful combing of the raw wool, and by the end of the century Burnley had become an important centre of the wool-combing industry. The second was the introduction of fustian weaving. Fustian was a cloth with a warp of wool or linen and a cotton weft. This was the first use of cotton in Burnley. Textile manufacture was still mainly carried out under the “domestic system”, in which the cloth was made in the worker’s own home. As it took several spinners to keep a weaver supplied with yarn, the whole family was usually involved in the work. Image right-top: Lskdjd Image bottom and text below: http://www.weaverstriangle.co.uk/history/factory.htm The Factory Age During the second half of the eighteenth century the manufacture of cotton began to replace that of wool and the introduction of machinery brought about the decline of the domestic system. The invention of spinning machines – the spinning-jenny, water-frame and mule led to the building of water-powered factories. The first spinning mills in Burnley were therefore built near rivers. The patenting of the steam engine freed the mills from the reliance on waterpower, and in 1790 steam-power was used in a new cotton factory at the bottom of Sandygate. Although a power-loom was invented in 1785, it was at first cumbersome and inefficient. Its adoption was slow and weaving continued to be done largely by hand. Indeed, handloom weavers regarded the last decade of the 18th century as a “golden age” when even an ordinary weaver could earn a good wage. It has been estimated that as late as 1830 there were three times as many cottage weavers as factory weavers. Cottage Weaver Spinning (Early Factory)

Industrial Revolution—Why England? 4. Transportation system 5. Mastery of the seas 6. “Splendid isolation” 7. Flexibility of social/political system

Industrial Revolution Revolution in textiles John Kay’s flying shuttle (1733) James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1764) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom (1785) Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (1793) James Watt’s steam engine (1769-74)

John Kay’s Flying Shuttle http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0051.jpg

James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny Left: http://e3.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/SpinningWeb/spinningjenny2a.jpg Right: http://www.cleo.net.uk/followtheyarn/timeline/maufacturing_1764.html

Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom Left: http://www.longwood.edu/history/Teacher%20Prep/Industrial/power4.gif Right: http://www.cleo.net.uk/followtheyarn/timeline/images/manup_loom_tn.jpg

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Left: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/images/3cott1794b.jpg Right: http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/IMAGES/Texas/cotton_gin.jpg

James Watt’s Steam Engine http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter3.html

Industrial Revolution— Long-Term Impact Rural to urban society Privileged to a leveling society Subsistence to market economy Illiterate to literate society Stationary to mobile society Local to global horizon

Industrial Revolution— Long-Term Impact Good side Explosion of goods and services Epidemics wiped out Underside Wrenching process Loss of traditional values Emergence of new class conflict

Industrial Revolution— Long-Term Impact Four “tion” factors 1. Standardization 2. Specialization 3. Synchronization 4. Concentration

The End El Fin Fin Ha-Sof Al-Had