IPM and biopesticides use in arable crops EIP-Agri project: IPM and biopesticides use in arable crops

200% $6 billion Global market 2019 Global biopesticide market Increased over 200% 2000-2012 Global market 2019 value over $6 billion BIOPESTICIDES Increase

EU Sustainable Use Directive 2009/128/EC Nema todes Monitoring Macro- organisms Insect Fungi Bact. Micro- orgs Biopesticides Virus Crop botany Semio- chems Phero mones Synthetic Chemical pesticides Botanicals Agro- ecosystem

Botanicals Semio-chemicals Macroorganisms Microorganisms

Mixtures What are botanicals? Clove Cymbopogon sp. Thyme Garlic Tagetes sp. Spearmint Mixtures

Control strategies using semio-chemicals Mating disruption Pheromones are released to interfere with the ability of male insects to locate females of the same species, Disrupting mating and controlling the damage to crops inflicted by the hatching larvae. Lure and Kill Again a simple concept: bring the insects to the insecticide Key is to attract females Mass Trapping Simple Concept: trap as many insects as you can Key is to attract and trap females Kairomones becoming increasingly important

What are macrobials/natural enemies? Parasites Parasitoids Predators

Isaria fumosoroseus Bacillus firmus Bacillus subtilis What are microbials? Cydia pomonella granulosis virus Pasteuria penetrans Trichoderma harzianum Fusarium oxysporum Isaria fumosoroseus Bacillus firmus Clonostachys rosea Coniothyrium minitans Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis Gliocladium catenulatum Lecanicillium lecanii Many of the biopesticides available are for plant pathogens and are very familiar names. Species for use against insects are highlighted For microbial based substances we are now very familiar with these types of substances – they have been the focus of research for many years But does this research support the development of these substances? Metarhizium anisopliae Ampelomyces quisqualis Beauveria bassiana Trichoderma asperellum

Microbial biopesticides Trichoderma spp. Entomopathogenic fungi Bacillus subtilis Baculoviruses

Strategies to use biopesticides Compared to nature, cropping systems are less stable. Often populations of the naturally occurring populations are too small or develop too late to prevent plant damage. Management intervention needed Macrobials can be harnessed in agriculture by: Introduction Conservation Augmentation

Strategies to use macrobials - Introductions The intentional introduction of an exotic biological control agent for permanent establishment and long term pest control Based on the ‘natural enemy release hypothesis’ Also called classical control Adult vedalia beetles, Rodolia cardinalis, feeding on cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry.

Strategies to use macrobials - Conservation Actions that preserve or protect natural enemies that are already present. Habitat manipulation to attract and retain natural enemies.

Strategies to use macrobials - Augmentation Intentional release of a species of macroorganism that occurs already within the area, region or country of use. The idea is that the resident natural enemy population is too low to control the pest, so it has to be ‘augmented’. The introduced population expected to reduce to the carrying capacity of the agro-ecosystem. Inundative or Inoculation Encarsia formosa Phytoseiulus persimilis Trichogramma spp.

Strategies to use microbials - Augmentation + =

Efficacy

Strategies to use biopesticides - IPM Damage threshold

Microbial and botanical biopesticide application

Benefits of biopesticides to farmers and growers Efficacy – killing target pest Efficacy - yield and quality improvement Host specificity Use in IPM programmes Useful for resistance management Useful for residue management Growers - crop management Worker safety Favourable environmental footprint

Population management Sustainable crop production and protection Biology Ecology Population management

Can biopesticides fit well into IPM for broad acre crops?

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