Industrial Revolution Chapter 11 Section 1 Industrial Revolution

Revolution in Technology Industrial Revolution: power provided by people and horses are replaced with flowing water and steam engines. Began in Britain in textile industry  spinning thread used to take weeks by one person  a “spinning jenny” helped by being able to spin multiple threads at one time 1764: Richard Arkwright makes water frame for spinning machine  built textile mills on banks of rivers to be close to water supply

Revolution in Technology Factory system made workers go into factories and work specific hours; keep up with machines instead of working at own pace Making factories cost a lot of money  factory mill owners become capitalists  factories were good investments for capitalists and mill owners Factories on river banks were hard during the dry season  no power, far from cities, labor hard to find in rural areas 1790: Steam-powered textile plant by Arkwright  factories could now be built in cities and not near water supply  young women and children could be cheap labor British very secretive about process

American Industrial Revolution 1789: Samuel Slater, apprentice to Arkwright, immigrates to US Slater joined with merchant Moses Brown  Slater makes spinning machine like Arkwright This was beginning of American Industrial Revolution

American Industry Grows Beginning of American Industrial Revolution starts in northeast  Did not officially boom until after the War of 1812 Francis Cabot Lowell visits England before war, studies latest in weaving machines  brings process back to US and builds improved version Lowell makes new factory, combining weaving and spinning in one building New factories staffed by young women  lived in boardinghouses, visited libraries, heard lectures  gained education

Revolution Takes Hold Mass production begins  previously, everything made by hand 1790’s: Eli Whitney makes interchangeable parts  parts took off and used in other products  more efficient and prices dropped Slater would employ children in factories (ages 7-8)  harsh conditions Children used to work on farms to help family, but factories were different  would work in textile, coal, and steel factories, with no opportunity for education Factories extremely unsafe  Poor lighting, little fresh air, no protection, long hours (12-14 hour shifts) Injured workers would receive no help, and the disabled were unemployable

VOCABULARY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FACTORY SYSTEM CAPITALISTS Machines take place of many hand tools, and power replaced by water and steam FACTORY SYSTEM System that brings workers and machinery into one place CAPITALISTS People who invest capital (money) in a business to earn a profit

VOCABULARY MASS PRODUCTION INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS Rapid manufacturing of a large number of identical objects INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers