Future Ecology: Harmony of Railway Transport and Environment Oleg Nazarov Deputy General Director, VNIIZhT VNIIZhT (Russian Railway Research Institute)

REDUCING THE INFLUENCE OF RUSSIAN RAILWAYS’ BUSINESS OPERATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT Emissions into the air Greenhouse gas emissions Discharge of polluted and waste water Creation of waste products % by 2003 2 | ZD6| 11.10.2012 | VNIIZht

AREAS OF REDUCTION OF MAN-MADE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT BY ROLLING STOCK Reducing emissions from diesel locomotives by transitioning to: writing off out-of-date models of diesel locomotive with low environmental ratings using catalytic converters multipoint fuel injection alternative fuel types combined fuel introduction of resource-saving technologies (Graflex). Reducing emissions on electric traction services: transferring freight traffic from diesel locomotive to electric traction using recuperation energy-saving rolling stock Energy-saving algorithms for locomotive traffic management (performance charts, unmanned trains). 3 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

AREAS OF REDUCTION OF MAN-MADE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT BY FIXED INSTALLATIONS Reducing emissions from boiler houses by: - transitioning to natural gas or clean coal - using alternative types of energy Reducing emissions of polluted waste water by: - closed systems of water use - highly efficient waste-free installations for cleaning waste water Reducing waste products by: - waste-free repair technologies - expanding the range of recycled waste products Reducing pollution of infrastructure land by: - using environmentally clean railway equipment - transporting oil in tanks with protected discharge devices - monitoring pollution of infrastructure land, identifying polluting companies and getting polluted land cleaned up in a timely manner by specialist companies. 4 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS BY MEANS OF SPEED OPTIMIZATION BETWEEN STATIONS Speed station travel time determination by common train performance (ТР) Determination of speed between station travel time by means of energy optimal train performance (EТР) if Train speed – V(t) on the left side is determined for given : locomotive power – Fт, speed train resistance – Wп and conditions, that train speed at the beginning is equal- Vо. if and and also if The only course is selected mathematically responding both the restrictions to trajection parameters, and providing minimum consumptions of tracking energy Speed station travel time, min ЭТР 1:29 13 11 7 22 16 20 ТР 1:29 15 13 8 23 13 17 Electric energy consumptions of track sides, kW 1334 220 195 94 330 270 225 1440 180 160 85 315 390 5 310 5 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

RESULTS OF CALCULATION - REDISTRIBUTION OF TIME BETWEEN STATIONS AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION traffic on energy-optimized time of motion Reduction of Energy consumption occurs by: The maximum use of kinetic energy – the maximum time of traffic for slowing period; The maximum reduction of transit length with high speed. traffic on scheduled time of motion consumption on energy-optimized time of motion consumption on scheduled time of motion 6 6 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

SCHEME OF INTERACTION WITH AS «ENERGOGRAF» Traffic data (DB USAVP) ARM Grafista 2 Train path data Train set data Locomotive data 4 1 Preparation of traffic data base Optimized paths of schedules AS Energograf (optimization of motion times between stations, solution of problem paths) 3 5 Autorun 7 7 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING POWER UNITS FOR INDEPENDENT LOCOMOTIVES Modern diesel Hydrogen power Energy storage systems “Environmental diesel” Gas and diesel Gas turbine engine Natural gas YEARS Economic and environmental ratings 8 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

RESULTS OF OPERATING GAS-DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES PROTOTYPES Replacement of up to 50% of diesel fuel with natural gas; confirmed by operation of diesel locomotives on October Railways (50%) and Sverdlovsk Railways (36%). Savings of up to 25% on expenditure on acquired diesel fuel. Improvement in environmental characteristics. Traction characteristics of diesel locomotive maintained. Use of natural gas beginning with 10% of nominal power of diesel (2nd position on main controller). Possibility of converting existing diesel shunting locomotives to operating on natural gas. Shunting loco CME3G 9 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

GAS TURBINE POWER UNITS High coefficient of performance in a wide range of loads. Environmentally friendly ratings. Multi-fuel capability. Possibility of working 100% on natural gas. Reduced expenditure on technical servicing and maintenance. Minimal expenditure on powering auxiliary loads. No cooling system or lubrication system required. 10 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

POWER INSTALLATION WORKING ON FUEL CELLS FOR OPERATING IN TUNNELS Electrochemical generator «Foton» (fuel cell) In fuel cells chemical fuel energy transforms directly into electric energy, unlike thermal engines, where transformation process of chemical energy proceeds through several intermediate stages 11 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

Energy car equipment - Four electrochemical generators «Foton» - 12 balloons of 650 l for compressed hydrogen storage - 6 balloons of 650 l for compressed oxygen storage - 4 balloons of 40 l for compressed nitrogen storage - Electronic control and safety system - Pressure, temperature, current, voltage, gas leakage sensors - Thermoregulation circuit - Reburning hydrogen block - Two nickel-cadmium batteries - Water of reaction collectors - Gearboxes, valves, gates, connecting tubes, adapters - General assembly elements   12 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Electronic rotation speed regulator Gasket rings made from industrial fluoro rubber TK41V-21 or TK32-09 turbocharger Graflex thermal wear-resistant gaskets Automatic self-cleaning fuel filter Three-piece oil scrapers Full-flow self-cleaning oil filter Anti-scale hydromagnetic filters and hydrocyclone in cooling system sludge separator 13 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

PROPOSAL FOR JOINT WORK Developing programmes for use of natural gas as engine fuel in rail transport. Creating test models of power units operating on natural gas and of gas locomotives. Equipping pilot areas with gas locomotives and gas refuelling infrastructure. Research into future power units for rolling stock. Defining the profile of new rolling stock in the light of scientific and technical developments for each period of time examined. Carrying out joint research in fire safety. Harmonising national regulatory documents in the field of fire safety, health and safety at work, and environmental protection. 14 | ZD6| 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT

Thank you for your interest 15 | ZD6 | 11.10.2012 | VNIIZhT