What characteristics does the sponge have that makes it an animal? What characteristics do the Cnidarians have that make them an animal? Epidermis Mesoglea Gastroderm Compare the sponge and the Cnidarians shown here. List two major advancements that the Cnidarians have over the sponges.

Comparing Flatworms, Roundworms, and Annelids CHARACTERISTIC Shape Segmentation Body cavity Digestion and excretion Respiration FLATWORMS Flattened No Acoelomate Gastrovascular cavity with one opening only; flame cells remove metabolic wastes Through skin; no respiratory organs ROUNDWORMS Cylindrical with tapering ends No Pseudocoelomate Tube-within-a-tube digestive tract; opening at each end; metabolic wastes excreted through body wall Through skin; no respiratory organs ANNELIDS Cylindrical with tapering ends Yes Coelomate Tube-within-a-tube digestive tract; opening at each end; nephridia remove metabolic wastes Through skin; aquatic annelids breathe through gills CHARACTERISTIC Circulation Response Movement Reproduction FLATWORMS No heart, blood vessels, or blood Simple brain; nerve cords run length of body; eyespot and other specialized cells that detect stimuli Gliding, twisting, and turning Sexual (hermaphrodites); asexual (fission) ROUNDWORMS No heart, blood vessels, or blood Several ganglia in head region; nerve cords run length of body; several types of sense organs Thrashing Sexual (primary males and females) ANNELIDS Blood circulated through blood vessels in closed circulatory system Well-developed nervous system with brain and several nerve cords; many sense organs Forward peristaltic movement Sexual (some are hermaphrodites; some have separate sexes)

Comparing the Three Major Groups of Mollusks MOLLUSK GROUP Gastropods Bivalves Cephalopods SHELL Shell-less or single-shelled Two shells held together by one or two muscles Internal shell or no shell FOOT Muscular foot located on ventral side and used for movement Burrowing species have muscular foot. Surface-dwelling species have either no foot or a “reduced” foot. Head is attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms. EXAMPLES Snail, slug, sea hare, nudibranch Clam, oyster, mussel, scallop Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus The big picture of this unit is that increased levels of specialization have created greater efficiency in each of the more advanced phyla. With more efficiency in dealing with the essential body functions comes the ability to diversify into a much broader range of environments. For example, the poriferans and cnidarians are confined to life in the oceans and the annelids have diversified over a great range of environments from aquatic to terrestrial. Focus on the advancements that have been made in each of the body functions.

Arthropods Observe the crayfish and the grasshopper Discover as many characteristics as possible that these two organisms have in common. Discover what characteristics are different Create a table that compares and contrasts the crayfish and the grasshopper.

ARTHROPODS EXOSKELETON JOINTED APPENDAGES SEGMENTED BODIES COMPLEX BODY SYSTEMS

GROWTH In order to grow the EXOSKELETON must be shed.  Think of the growth that has occurred in your feet.  If you didn’t get bigger shoes you would experience discomfort and growth may even be slowed.  The discomfort that is felt in the arthropods as they grow starts the shedding process which is known as MOLTING.  Stress causes enzymes to be produced that break down the inner layer of the exoskeleton.  The cells of the epidermis (skin) secrete a new, larger exoskeleton under the old.  As the new exoskeleton is produced, the old breaks, and the animal crawls out of its old skin.

Groups of Arthropods A. Crustaceans B. Spiders and Their Relatives 1. Horseshoe Crabs 2. Spiders 3. Mites and Ticks 4. Scorpions C.Insects and Their Relatives 1. Millipedes 2. Centipedes TRILOBITES

CLASSIFICATION Modern arthropods have arisen from 4 groups of arthropods.  These groups are now classified into 4 subphyla based on Embryological Development Appendages Mouth Parts

SUBPHYLA NAME EXAMPLE APPENDAGES MOUTH PARTS TRILOBITA   Trilobites (extinct) CRUSTACEA Lobsters, Crabs, & Shrimp Two Pairs of Branched Antennae Mandibles Chelicerata Spiders, Ticks, & Mites No Antennae 8 Legs Chelicerae Uniramia Insects Unbranched Antennae 6 Legs, 3 Segements

Working in a group, each group member should perform the following activity. 1.On a sheet of paper, make a sketch of an insect that you have seen around school or at home. Below your drawing, list those features that allow the insect to be successful in its habitat. 2.What features does the insect have that help it survive? 3.How many features did your group’s insects have in common? What were these features? 4.Describe the positive and negative impacts that these features have on humans. 5.What is meant by the statement, “Of all the animals, insects have had the greatest impact on the activities of this planet”?

Nonarthropod invertebrates Noninsect arthropods (12%) Nonarthropod invertebrates (11%) Vertebrates (4%) Insects (73%)

A termite queen lays approximately 30,000 eggs per day A termite queen lays approximately 30,000 eggs per day.  About 1 per second. The World's termites outweigh the world's humans 10 to 1. Termites eat wood twice as fast when listening to heavy metal music. In South Africa, termites are often roasted and eaten by the handful, like pretzels or popcorn