Post-Classical Asia Calendar updates Test Results released later today Essay Review – next class China 500-1450, China’s influence on others, Mongols

Post-Classical Asia Pick up a map of southeast Asia Get out your Chromebooks Use one of my atlases or your computer to complete the map Homework Page: Sui, Tang, Song Webquest When you’re done, read the Southernization 1. What is Southernization (no need to map it) 2. Provide 2 specific examples 3. Turn in on a separate sheet of paper

Han Dynasty-After the fall The period resembled Western European history after the collapse of the Roman Empire. China’s population is subject to taxes, warfare, drafting into army, frequent invasions, bandits… Disunity and civil war between nomads and Chinese warlords Rival states, dynasties, each controlling a part of the old Han state. Aristocrats, provincial nobles held land and influence Confucian trained bureaucrats still held much influence Many of the northern dynasties were nomadic, both Turkish and Mongol Confucianism was in decline, Buddhism was rising. Many short-lived kingdoms & small dynasties 350+ yrs

Buddhism in China Originates approx. 400-600BCE, written scripts from 1st century BCE 600BCE-600CE - Gains popularity. Temples and statues are built throughout the classical era & along the silk road. 600-1450 Growing hostility to Buddhism (w/exception) Resistance from Taoists and Confucians Near the end of the Tang Dynasty rulers turn against Buddhism and destroy temples and monasteries. Governments criticism: unproductive land & untaxed Emperor orders the closure of monasteries in 840s and redistributes land Buddhism survives due to popular support

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWj56erVaBw

Sui Dynasty 581-618

SUI DYNASTY RISE: Reunification in 589 Construction of palaces and granaries, repairing the Great Wall Military expeditions into central Asia and Korea ($$$) The Grand Canal ($$$) One of the world's largest waterworks before modern times Primary Purpose: bring abundant food supplies of the south to the north Linked the Yangtze and the Huang-He The canal integrated the economies of the south and north FALL: High taxes & forced labor create hostility among the population *rebellions broke out in north China beginning in 610. Excessive military spending Emp. Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, ending the dynasty

Song Began Rice Cultivation Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal. From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long, linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty (589-618), it connects several big rivers and provides an important means of transportation and communication. With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

THE TANG DYNASTY 618 – 907 CE A rebel leader seized Chang'an and proclaimed a new dynasty. (mandate of heaven) China enjoyed an era of stability and prosperity – considered a golden age for China. Extensive networks of transportation and communications Adopted the equal-field system – land redistribution Restored Confucianism as state ideology with some Buddhist influence. Strong military buildup Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the center of civilization Diplomatic Policy – Tributary system Re-established the safety of the Silk Road

Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705 Only Female Empress to rule alone Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her Imperial court Made major infrastructure improvements Buddhism was favored state religion Financed building of many Buddhist temples BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/how-a-chinese-empress-built-the-largest-palace-in-the-world/54164

Strengthening of Buddhism Press block printing to facilitate dissemination of texts. Zen Buddhism introduced More meditative Blending with Taoism “Golden Age” of Buddhism Temples and Monasteries Own a lot of land Land is tax exempt What problems could this cause - Tax fraud? Leading to resentment by the secular.

Technological and Cultural transfers between the TANG and the ABBASIDS 751ad “Battle of Talas” Marked the end of the Tang’s western expansion Tang prisoners shared information and knowledge such as: Paper making, Printing, mfg. of Porcelain, and Gunpowder John Green https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1iAniFoudQ @5:18

Paper Making Began during late Han early Sui period Block printing (full text and individual character) during Song Dynasty.

End of Tang Dynasty Causes of decline Misrule Court intrigues Economic exploitation Rebellions Made it possible for northern invaders to defeat them Next 50 years saw fragmentation of China Five northern dynasties Ten southern kingdoms

Buddhism in China, con’t After the reign of Empress Wu there is a decline of Buddhist influence Growth of Confucian Scholar/Gentry Emperor WuZong (AD842-847) Persecution of Buddhists – Why? Forced return of monks to civilian life Destroyed monasteries Redistributed land to taxable owners Buddhism survives but never regains power or influence Confucian system dominates until early 20th century

Buddhism in Tang period

SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.) Song Taizu Song weaknesses Reigned 960-976 C.E. Founder of the Song dynasty Song weaknesses Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui, Tang Financial problems Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war Military problems Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry nomads External pressures Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until 1279 Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute

Song AD907 & 960 (warlords competed for power). Liao (North) Xi Xia (West) Song (South) AD960-1127 Period of the “Northern Song” AD1127-1279 …”Southern Song”

Politics – Song Dynasty Tried to fix the mistakes of the Tang Only civil officials could be governors Rotated military commanders from post to post [?] Adjusted standards to increase size of bureaucracy Larger Bureaucracy = Greater expenses Emperor raises taxes Peasants revolt Increases need for military Military costs go up Non-military bureaucrats leading army = disaster

Economic Growth – Song Dynasty Production Paper making advances Book production increases Press-block printing progresses Deforestation in north leads to coal extraction/production Maritime technology advances Gunpowder used in weaponry

Commerce 2/3 of wealth & population in the South Use of paper money (“flying money”) BIG ships used for commerce (compasses) Primary exports Silk, copper coins, ceramics (true, high quality porcelain)

Agriculture Population increase (100 million +) Improved farm tools Advances in water control Wider application of fertilizer Introduction of new types of rice

Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. Creation of urban, merchant middle class Neo-Confucianists wanted to purify Confucianism Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books Magnetic compass made China great sea power! The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family. Founded the Imperial University Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system) Soldiers dropped to lowest status. Confucianists at work; Daoists at home. The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake! Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported. Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

Song Peasant Family Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal. From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long, linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty (589-618), it connects several big rivers and provides an important means of transportation and communication. With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

NEO-CONFUCIANISM Taoist, Buddhist Synthesis with Confucianism Early Confucianism focused on practical issues Politics, Public Morality, Social Relationships Confucians drew inspiration From Buddhism Spirituality Logical thought Argumentation of Buddhism From Taoism Cosmology Metaphysical issues: nature of soul Man's relation with cosmos Xenophobia Contributes, too Invasions by nomads, Turks and Mongols threatened state Foreign ideas began to circulate Too many threats to society, traditions Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.), most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar Neo-Confucian influence Adapted Buddhist, Taoist themes, reasoning to Confucian interests Made Buddhism Chinese but stressed Chinese roots, values Influenced East Asian thought In China, it was an officially recognized creed Influenced Korea, Vietnam, and Japan for half a millennium

TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY Porcelain Metallurgy Gunpowder Printing High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa Metallurgy Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron, steel Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th century Gunpowder Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia Printing Became common during the Tang From block-printing to movable type Books became widespread Naval technology "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments

A MARKET ECONOMY Merchants in Charge Financial instruments Only period in China where merchants socially superior to aristocrats Merchants attempted to intermarry with aristocrats, become landowners Merchants attempted to have sons admitted as Confucian bureaucrats Merchants tended to espouse Confucianism as way into traditional elites Most large cities had large merchant communities Financial instruments Banking and credit institution “Flying money " were letters of credit Paper money backed by state, treasury A cosmopolitan society Foreign merchants in large cities of China Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian Chinese merchants journeyed throughout region Economic surge in China An economic revolution in China Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time Promoted economic growth in the eastern hemisphere

The Dynastic Cycle Start here A new dynasty comes to power. The emperor reforms the govt. & makes it more efficient. Start here Lives of common people improved; taxes reduced; farming encouraged. Emperor is defeated !! The Dynastic Cycle Problems begin (extensive wars, invasions, etc.) Rebel bands find strong leader who unites them. Attack the emperor. Taxes increase; men forced to work for army. Farming neglected. Poor loose respect for govt. They join rebels & attack landlords. Govt. increases spending; corruption. Droughts, floods, famines occur.