Cell Theory Plasma Membrane All living things are made of cells organelle function Plant or animal Cell wall Rigid structure that surrounds and protects cell Plants Centriole Involved in cell division Animals Chloroplast Converts suns energy to food (photosynthesis) Cytoskeleton Structural framework inside the cell Both Endoplasmic Reticulum Series of folded membranes that create pathways for transportation throughout the cell (Rough ER– has ribosomes for protein synthesis. Smooth ER produces lipids) Flagella Whip-like tail used for movement Cilia Tiny hair-like projections for movement or sweeping Golgi Apparatus Flat stacks of membranes for packaging and shipping proteins Lysosome Digestive enzymes break down waste for disposal Mitochondria Converts glucose to ATP – energy Nucleus Control center – contains DNA Plasma membrane (cell membrane) Flexible membrane that controls what goes into and out of cell Ribosome Site of protein synthesis All cells Vacuole Storage of water and food 1 large in plant cells, can have a few small ones in animal cells Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer – hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails Transport Proteins – allow certain substances to pass through the membrane Cholesterol – helps keep the fatty acid tails from sticking together, making the membrane more fluid and less rigid Carbohydrates – stick out from the membrane to transmit chemical messages Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Cells come from other cells The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living things Prokaryotic Both Eukaryotic No nucleus No organelles (except ribosomes) Smaller and simpler Only single-celled organisms Bacteria Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA Cytoplasm Has a nucleus Has organelles Larger and more complex All multicelled organisms (& some single-celled) All plants and animals are eukaryotic

Enzymes Plasma Membrane Proteins Catalyst – speeds up chemical reactions Specific – enzymes are specific to a certain reaction Reusable – enzymes are not used up in a reaction Optimal Conditions - Each enzyme has a certain temperature and pH range where they work best organelle function Plant or animal Cell wall Rigid structure that surrounds and protects cell Plants Centriole Involved in cell division Animals Chloroplast Converts suns energy to food (photosynthesis) Cytoskeleton Structural framework inside the cell Both Endoplasmic Reticulum Series of folded membranes that create pathways for transportation throughout the cell (Rough ER– has ribosomes for protein synthesis. Smooth ER produces lipids) Flagella Whip-like tail used for movement Cilia Tiny hair-like projections for movement or sweeping Golgi Apparatus Flat stacks of membranes for packaging and shipping proteins Lysosome Digestive enzymes break down waste for disposal Mitochondria Converts glucose to ATP – energy Nucleus Control center – contains DNA Plasma membrane (cell membrane) Flexible membrane that controls what goes into and out of cell Ribosome Site of protein synthesis All cells Vacuole Storage of water and food 1 large in plant cells, can have a few small ones in animal cells Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer – hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails Transport Proteins – allow certain substances to pass through the membrane Prokaryotic Both Eukaryotic No nucleus No organelles (except ribosomes) Smaller and simpler Only single-celled organisms Bacteria Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA Cytoplasm Has a nucleus Has organelles Larger and more complex All multicelled organisms (& some single-celled) All plants and animals are eukaryotic

Rigid structure that surrounds and protects cell Plants Centriole organelle function Plant or animal Cell wall Rigid structure that surrounds and protects cell Plants Centriole Involved in cell division Animals Chloroplast Converts suns energy to food (photosynthesis) Cytoskeleton Structural framework inside the cell Both Endoplasmic Reticulum Series of folded membranes that create pathways for transportation throughout the cell (Rough ER– has ribosomes for protein synthesis. Smooth ER produces lipids) Flagella Whip-like tail used for movement Cilia Tiny hair-like projections for movement or sweeping Golgi Apparatus Flat stacks of membranes for packaging and shipping proteins Lysosome Digestive enzymes break down waste for disposal Mitochondria Converts glucose to ATP – energy Nucleus Control center – contains DNA Plasma membrane (cell membrane) Flexible membrane that controls what goes into and out of cell Ribosome Site of protein synthesis All cells Vacuole Storage of water and food 1 large in plant cells, can have a few small ones in animal cells

Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer – hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails Transport Proteins – allow certain substances to pass through the membrane Cholesterol – helps keep the fatty acid tails from sticking together, making the membrane more fluid and less rigid Carbohydrates – stick out from the membrane to transmit chemical messages

BIG IDEA: DNA  RNA  proteins Why are proteins such a big deal??? Genes, Chromosomes, and Proteins… Chromosomes are tightly coiled strands of DNA in the nucleus DNA carries the genetic code in a series of nucleotide bases (A,T,C,G) A gene is a specific stretch of DNA that codes for one particular protein DNA replication: Double stranded DNA unzips, A  T C  G to make 2 new copies, each one contains 1 old strand and 1 new strand Mitosis Meiosis Asexual reproduction Body Cells PMAT 2 identical diploid cells 46 chromosomes in humans Production of sex cells Sperm and Egg (gametes) PMAT twice! 4 genetically different haploid cells 23 chromosomes in humans From DNA to protein! Single-stranded mRNA is copied from DNA in Transcription (A  U, instead of T). It then leaves the nucleus to carry the message to a ribosome where Translation occurs (protein synthesis!). tRNAs bring specific amino acids to the ribosome according to a 3 letter codon. The long chain of amino acids is a protein. Embryology A fertilized egg (zygote) divides by mitosis. Cells are identical until the Gastrula stage, at which point they become 3 distinct layers Why are proteins such a big deal??? They do almost everything in our bodies!

KARYOTYPE= picture of chromosomes Selective Breeding allowing only those organisms with desirable traits to produce the next generation. Breeding dogs to be better hunters horses to run faster plant crops to resist diseases Hybridization crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both organisms Ex. Labradoodle combines the low-shedding coat of the Poodle with the gentleness and trainability of the Labrador, and provides a dog suitable for people with allergies to fur and dander Ex. Agriculture – Crossing different strains of corn results in bigger, better, stronger plants with superior yields of more robust corn. Genetic Engineering the process of extracting DNA from one organism and combining it with the DNA of another organism, thus introducing new hereditary traits into the recipient organism. Recombinant DNA -“Combining” the DNA from 2 organisms KARYOTYPE= picture of chromosomes Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, containing 3 billion letters of DNA code and 24,000 genes. One set comes from MOM and one set comes from DAD. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y. XX = female XY = male Examples: Human insulin produced by bacteria Bacteria that “eat” oil for cleaning up oil spills Crops that are resistant to pesticides “Golden rice” with more nutrients to prevent diseases cause by vitamin deficiency. Pedigrees allow us to look at patterns of genetic inheritance in families over generations… Interpreting a Pedigree Chart 1. Determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal or X-linked disease.  If most of the males in the pedigree are affected the disorder is X-linked  If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal. 2. Determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive.  If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.  If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous. Punnett Squares allow us to predict the probability of outcomes among potential offspring Dihybrid crosses show 2 traits at once