Globalization and Migration The last thing we will do in this class!

Globalization

Globalization Definition The worldwide intensification of interactions Increased movement of money, goods, people, and ideas Within and across national borders

Causes of Globalization Development of technology Cost of transport Cost of communication Cost of travel

Consequences of Globalization Increase in the level of global output Allows for technological diffusion International capital flow International investment opportunities Increases income Brings new products to countries Presumably creates competition Presumably increases quality

Globalization Side Effects Market crashes affect the world The housing market in the United States The bank crisis and Wall Street

Class Globalization Discussion & Activity Pick five songs you listen to often. What’s the country of origin of these five songs? Identify the nationality of the creator of the music for EACH song. Identify the tradition/genre to which EACH song belongs What technology do you most commonly use to listen to music? Where is the technology made? Where is the company that owns the technology based? How have you obtained this music – online purchases or physically bought from retail outlets? Collect class data in relation to this and then make generalizations about any patterns in the data. Do certain countries predominate in terms of musical choices and/or owning or making technology? Which types of technology are most commonly used? Is online or physical shopping more popular?

Scenario A: In your local town, one of the main sources of employment for three generations has been the fruit cannery. The company has recently decided to close the factory and outsource the canning of fruit to another country where labour and fruit are cheaper. Scenario B: Your friend's garage band has really taken off on YouTube and people from places as distant as Finland and Ghana are downloading it. Scenario C: You meet someone really nice while you're on holiday in Bali and can now keep in touch via Skype. Scenario D: The shoes that you really like are much cheaper via an online store in Asia. Scenario E: The company that your father works for has recently been taken over by a trans-national corporation with job opportunities in many parts of the world if he is prepared to move/relocate. Scenario F: A representative from World Wildlife Fund invites students to become involved in and advocate to help secure the future of orangutans. Scenario G: Your mother's retirement fund has been affected by the Global Financial Crisis and she is worried that she won't have enough money when she retires. Share your responses with the class. Try to tease out the complexities of each situation and ensure you understand that globalization affects local communities in complex and interdependent ways (For example, in a debate about the impact of online shopping, the outcome may be that local shops close but also that jobs are created in the areas of transport and logistics. Online shopping may also enable more targeted production of goods with less wastage.)

Migration Movement from part of the world to another or from part of a country to another. Examples of migration: Filipino women in Hong Kong Rural Africans migrating to Urban African areas South and East migrant workers in the Middle East

Why do people migrate? “Out of Africa” theory Economic Opportunities Humans have been on the move from our earliest days Better hunting, pasture, natural resources, climate Shunned or exiled Economic Opportunities Avoid conflict and persecution Slavery

Migration 3% of the people in the world move beyond national borders Migration is not random Why are people migrating?

Pushes and Pulls People are pushed to migrate Poverty Famine Natural disasters War Disease Ethnic conflict People are pulled to migrate Job opportunities Higher wages Educational opportunities for children Investment opportunities Access to healthcare Media

Bridges and Barriers Where do people migrate to Who gets to migrate High level of motivation and ingenuity Learning new language and culture Leaving behind family and friends and support network

Bridges and Barriers Migration Chains Communication Technology Network of people who have already immigrated Encourage others to immigrate Communication Technology Stimulates the exchange of information Geographic Proximity Certain journeys might be more difficult or easier Contiguous borders are easy to cross Transportation Networks Inexpensive Government Immigration Policies Formalities such as visas and expense of work documents Rules, laws, and regulations about immigration

Modernization Theory A model of development that predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in the social and technological direction of industrialized nations Proponents of modernization theory believed that poor nations could become wealthy by repeating the historical experience of the wealthy nations.

Human Needs Approaches In 1972 and 1973, the World Bank and other agencies began to focus on filling the basic needs of the rural poor. Proponents of the basic human needs approach argued that development had failed because it focused on large-scale projects and technological change and paid insufficient attention to improving the lives of the very poor and increasing their capacity to contribute effectively to the economy.

Neoliberalism A series of political and economic policies promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimal government regulation of the economy Neoliberals have opposed state control of any government subsidies to industries and opposed all but minimal aid to impoverished individuals.

Structural Adjustment In this approach, wealthy nations demanded that poor nations restructure their economies. They required poor nations to: Sell off state-owned enterprises Reduce subsidies to local businesses and industries Reduce spending on education, health, and social programs Open their markets to free trade