Including The Arab Spring Other Africa Including The Arab Spring

Colonial Africa Great Britain gradually surrendered independence in Ghana, Kenya, and others France created an organization of their colonies called The French Community that allowed some autonomy for native peoples Belgium held the Congo for a long time and then suddenly withdrew Portugal held Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique until violent independence movements ran them out

French North Africa Independence movements in Morocco and Tunisia More French settlers in Algeria and turmoil in the more important colony Formation of the National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1954 French reprisals over Muslims in Algeria New Prime Minister in France tried to give some self- governance to the nationalists but ended up surrendering independence in 1962

Civil Wars Many colonies in Africa were divided by factions and some factions were divided by artificial boundaries Newly independent countries had trouble forming new governments, services, and institutions when the imperialists left Struggles still continue today in places like Libya, CAR, Zimbabwe, and Somalia

Deadly Fighting Nigeria is a strong, large, capitalist democracy but has a militant jihadist group that terrorizes its north called Boko Haram Genocide in Rwanda has seen brutal fighting between two classes of people called Hutu and Tutsi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwT9aTrAfQE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcC8NCk82WA A power struggle is taking place between the two political parties in the new country of South Sudan

PASSPORT NIGERIA Who: Boko Haram What: failed state, terrorism, investment When: 1960, current Why: emerging economies RWANDA Who: Hutu, Tutsi, Belgians What: imperialism, class When: 1962, 1990, 1994 Why: exploitation, race

The Arab Spring Protest movements spread across northern Africa and the Middle East demanding openness from their governments and opportunities for them to go to school and work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqOdG9RygNw Although there were similarities in how the protests used social media to organize and in what the protesters were asking for, each uprising took on different characteristics and led to different results https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z-rKjTivDs

South Africa White European settlers had moved to and created businesses in South Africa centuries before. When the Afrikaners took control of the government in 1948 they instituted Apartheid. Whites, blacks, mixed race, and Indian were separated into classes with various restrictions for all non-white

Apartheid Laws Racial identity cards Travel restrictions Homelands Education differences Work divisions Language Voting rights https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7yvnUz2PLE

Anti-Apartheid Movement ANC worked to promote peaceful change Harsh treatment from the government turned the movement violent Nelson Mandela used his popularity to lead the movement often from inside prison International pressure helped move SA toward free, fair, and open elections Mandela and the ANC won control of the government

South Africa Passport Who = Afrikaners, Africans, ANC, Mandela What = Apartheid and the movement to end it When = 1909, 1948, 1994 Why = whites wanted to control gold mines. Blacks wanted freedom, world wanted justice