9A Inheritance and Selection

Variation What is variation? What are the two causes of variation? What are the two types of variation? Give an example of each one.

Variation Within any group of individuals there are many differences. We call these differences VARIATION. These variations can occur within a species

Inheritance There are 2 types of variations: Continuous variation – measured, wide range e.g. height, weight. Discontinuous variation – clear-cut, groups e.g. eye colour, blood group.

Continuous Variation You can measure the values There is a wide range of values The re are inbetween values

Discontinuous variation This shows clear cut groups Usually you can pick from a list of categories

Continuous or discontinuous? Height Fur colour Flower colour Weight Shoe size Continuous Discontinuous

Choose an example of each to investigate in this class Put your results in a table Then draw a bar chart

Genetics vs. Environment Name 3 characteristics that are caused by genetics Where is this genetic information found? Name 3 characteristics that are caused by the environment

http://youtu.be/ubq4eu_TDFc

The human chromosomes

Make your own chromosome No/widow’s peak No/Mid digit hair Detached/ Attached ear lobes Non/Tongue roller Eye colour No/Dimples

Sex cells What is the male human sex cell? How is it adapted to its function? What is the female human sex cell?

Sperm

Ovum (plural ova)

http://youtu.be/-Yg89GY61DE

Pic from Glasgow Science genetics

Selective breeding What is selective breeding? Where is selective breeding used?

So, Doctor, what is LHON? It's a disease of the mitochondria. mitochondria. Those are the things in cells that supply energy. They're in the cytoplasm, yes? That's right! Now what happens when an egg cell is fertilised?

But whose mitochondria do you get? The sperm nucleus gets into the egg. Then the egg nucleus and sperm nucleus join together and make your first complete cell. Exactly! But whose mitochondria do you get?

So her children will go blind too? Your mitochondria come from your mum. You only get a nucleus from your dad. That's right! The mitochondria get copied when your cells divide – just like the nucleus. So every cell has some. But Maya's are faulty. That's why she went blind. So her children will go blind too?

And I'm afraid there is no treatment. Yes. And I'm afraid there is no treatment. But scientists are working on it. Let me explain – it's all written down here.

Right, Darcy. I'll let you get back to your patients Right, Darcy. I'll let you get back to your patients. You'll have to tell Maya and Jake that there is no solution to their problem. There might be a treatment in future, but will it be too late? Plan what to say to Maya and Jake. Prepare diagrams to help you explain: n How 2-parent fertilisation usually happens n The scientists' idea for 3-parent fertilisation n Why and how 3-parent fertilisation might help them in future…if they can wait.

Alien Population: Creation Rules 5 main characteristics make up a Geneticon Body Shape Eyes Nose Feet or something similar to allow movement Antennae Whether they are Male or female is determined by the antennae Within each of these there are 6 possibilities 6 different genes determining a characteristic These are conveniently numbered 1 – 6 for ease of creation by the role of a die Divide students into groups of about 4. They are each to make a minimum of 4 Geneticons, they can make more if they wish. Each group needs a die, some paper, crayons, and a set of the characteristics keys (5 sheets). The relevant game templates can be printed out for these.

Geneticon Creation Start with Body type How will your Geneticon Move? Roll the die, see which body gene you have. Draw your Geneticon’s body. How will your Geneticon Move? Roll the die, see which movement gene you have. How fine a looking specimen do you have? Roll the die a couple of more times to add eyes and a nose. The final touch is an antenna. Remember that this also tells you whether you have a boy or a girl. If you wish you can name your Geneticon. . These are the general guidelines

Characteristics Key - Body 1- Round 2 - Triangular 3 - Blob 4 - Square 5 - Heart 6 - Spiked Roll the die to see what body shape they have.

Characteristics Key - Movement 1- Wings 2 - Spring 3 - Wheels 4 - Flippers 5 - Feet 6 - Ski Roll the die to see how they move.

Characteristics Key - Eyes 1- Round single 2 - Round double 3 - Round triple 4 - Two on stalks 5 - Round single with lashes 6 - Round double with lashes Roll the die to see what eyes they have.

Characteristics Key - Nose 1- Red blob 2 - Blue blob 3 - Green blob 4 - Orange blob 5 - Yellow blob 6 – Purple blob Roll the die to see what nose colour they have.

Characteristics Key - Antennae 1- Red triangle (girl) 2 - Red coil (girl) 3 - Red cross (girl) 4 - Green triangle (boy) 5 - Green coil (boy) 6 - Green cross (boy) Roll the die to see what antennae they have. This determines what sex your Geneticon is. If it is red they are a girl and if it is green they are a boy.

Picture Gallery Here are some examples of Geneticons there are two boys (green antennae) and two girls (red antennae)

Alien Population: Founder Generation You have now created your starting population, your founder generation. They have all grown up and are now ready to find their ideal partner to settle down and have their own little Geneticons. The Alien dating agency is not that sophisticated. Pool your Geneticon females and pool your Geneticon males. Now select a random card from each pool. These are your happy couple. Students as a group should pool their Aliens, they should have made a minimum of 4 Geneticons each, this usually ensures enough males and females within a group to make couples. If not then swap with other groups.

Making Geneticon Babies Take your Geneticon pair. What do you think their baby will look like? Who’s eyes will it have? Who’s body shape? This will be decided by the genes for those characteristics. (body, eyes, antenna, movement, nose) Will it get its Mum’s or Dad’s gene? For every characteristic you will flip a coin Heads – It will inherit Mum’s gene Tails – It will inherit Dad’s gene The Geneticons have large families. Each couple have a minimum of 4 babies Each student will need a coin to determine which characteristics/genes are inherited from the parents. Some students may need reminding that they flip a coin for each characteristic. The babies of a couple should all be drawn on a single piece of paper. This makes the Migration section easier. Normally each student “makes” a single family.

Family Mum Dad Babies This slide illustrates a family. It shows Mum and Dad Geneticon, and their two babies, two boys and a girl. See which characteristics they have inherited from their parents. Babies

Baby Competition The local Mayor of Genesville has decided to hold a baby competition. He can’t decide whether to make it the Cutest or Ugliest. So he’s holding both You may like to have regional heats within your groups Each group can enter one baby into each competition Make sure that your babies get entered for the right category! You never know your cute one might win the Ugly baby competition! Time to vote and announce a winner Congratulations or should it be commiserations? You may wish to print out the baby competition entry forms from the Geneticons Guidelines and Game Templates

Hybrids What is a hybrid? Why can’t hybrids reproduce?

Mule (Horse x Donkey)

Tigon (male tiger x female lion)

Liger (male lion x female tiger)

Zonkey or Zeedonk (Zebra x donkey)

Zorse (Zebra x horse)

A Zony (Zebra x Pony)

Cama (Camel x Llama)

Leopon (male leopard x female lion)

Yakow (Yak x Cow)

Beefalo (cow x bison)

Geep (goat x sheep)

Selective breeding vocabulary What is a breed? What is a variety?

Tomato variation What features could be the same or different in different varieties of tomato? Make a table to show these similarities and differences.

Flowers Why do plants produce flowers? Which are the male parts of a flower? Which are the female parts? Where does fertilisation happen in a plant?

A flower S O P A

Cloning What is a clone? What is asexual reproduction? Name some examples of asexual reproduction.

Sexual and asexual reproduction in bacteria