COSC 3406: Computer Organization Kalpdrum Passi ( www.cs.laurentian.ca/kpassi/cosc3406.html )

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Computer Abstractions and Technology Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology August 29, 2018 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology

The Computer Revolution Progress in computer technology Underpinned by Moore’s Law Makes novel applications feasible Computers in automobiles Cell phones Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines Computers are pervasive

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology August 29, 2018 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Classes of Computers Personal computers General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff Server computers Network based High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building sized

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology August 29, 2018 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Classes of Computers Personal computers General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff Server computers Network based High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building sized

Classes of Computers Supercomputers Embedded computers High-end scientific and engineering calculations Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall computer market Embedded computers Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

Terabyte (TB) Originally 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes Although communications and secondary storage systems developers started using the term to mean 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) bytes. To reduce confusion, we now use the term tebibyte (TiB) for 240 bytes, defining terabyte (TB) to mean 1012 bytes

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology August 29, 2018 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers The PostPC Era

The PostPC Era Personal Mobile Device (PMD) Cloud computing Battery operated Connects to the Internet Hundreds of dollars Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses Cloud computing Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC) Software as a Service (SaaS) Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud Amazon and Google

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology August 29, 2018 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers What You Will Learn How programs are translated into the machine language And how the hardware executes them The hardware/software interface What determines program performance And how it can be improved How hardware designers improve performance What is parallel processing

Understanding Performance Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology August 29, 2018 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Understanding Performance Algorithm Determines number of operations executed Programming language, compiler, architecture Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation Processor and memory system Determine how fast instructions are executed I/O system (including OS) Determines how fast I/O operations are executed

Eight Great Ideas Design for Moore’s Law Use abstraction to simplify design Make the common case fast Performance via parallelism Performance via pipelining Performance via prediction Hierarchy of memories Dependability via redundancy

2X Transistors / chip every 2 years Moore’s Law Predicts: 2X Transistors / chip every 2 years Gordon Moore Intel Cofounder B.S. Cal 1950!

is rising as transistor size continues to shrink End of Moore’s Law? Cost per transistor is rising as transistor size continues to shrink

COSC 3406: So what's in it for me? Learn some of the big ideas in CS & engineering: 5 Classic components of a Computer Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is Stored program concept: instructions just data Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache) Greater performance by exploiting parallelism Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurement We will take a break and talk about class philosophy.

Texts Required: Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, ARM Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD). “Green card” summarizes MIPS Reading assignments on web page

Grading Grade breakdown Midterm exam: 30% Assignments (individual): 20% Project (group): 20% Final Exam: 30%

Course Problems…Cheating What is cheating? Studying together in groups is encouraged. Turned-in work must be completely your own. Common examples of cheating: running out of time on a assignment and then person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, … Both “giver” and “receiver” are equally culpable Cheating on homeworks: negative points for that assignment (e.g., if it’s worth 10 pts, you get -10)