Katharina Reiss Decison making in translation Type, kind and individuality of text Interlingual translation -Change of message during the communicative process communicative difference (intentional or unintentional) -The translating process

-Analysis -Text type: informative, expressive, operative (mixed) -Text variety (super-individual acts of speech or writing) -Text style (analysis of a particular textual surface)

-Normal cases,Problematic cases, Special cases -Intention Reverbalization Thesis - The text type determines the general method of translating - The text variety demands consideration for language and text structure conventions -Normal cases,Problematic cases, Special cases -Intention -Functional equivalence -Function -Mode of translating

This slide marks a transition from Daniela to Matteo’s presentation.

TYPE, KIND AND INDIVIDUALITY OF TEXT KATHARINA REISS TYPE, KIND AND INDIVIDUALITY OF TEXT Decision making in translation INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION = bilingual mediated process of communication; production of a TL starting from a functionally equivalent SL •Use of two natural language + employment of the medium of the translator = change of message during the communicative process •Haseloff (1969) “ideal” communication is rare because the receiver brings his own knowledge and expectations that are different from those of the sender [Plett (1975) clls it “communicative difference”]

UNINTENTIONAL CHANGES Unintentional changes may arise from the different language structure as well as from differences in translating competence INTENTIONAL CHANGES Intentional changes occur in translating, if the aims of the translation are different from those of the original Written texts/texts put in writing = “one-way communication” (Glinz 1973) • Non linguistic elements such as gestures, intonation or facial expressions are partly verbalized (alleviating the analysis) ≠ Limitation of the possibilities of explicit verbalization of such elements + spatio-temporl separation between addresser and addressee + lack of feedback during the act of communication (text analysis made more difficult) •Action is intentional behavior in a given situation (Vermeer 1972). “Intention”  speech purpose, speech aim, motive leading to language communication. Through the intention, verbalized by the author in his text, this text receives a communicative function for the process of communication. •Written text = single or plural intentions •Language = temporal phenomenon  subject to the conditions of time Consequences: a) necessity of re-translating the same SL, functional equivalence not guaranteed b)loss of understanding of the original SL text function

The translating process 1) Phase of analysis The translator should clarify the functions of the SL text in a three-stage-process (from the smallest textual unit and ending with the text as a whole or viceversa). In practice, the three stages correspond. •Establishment of the text-type (informative, expressive, operative/mixed) Roman Jakobson includes the phatic and the poetic functions; both are realized in all three basic forms of communication. An additional type Multi-medial text type (eg: music and text, picture+text, slides and text etc.) •Establishment of the text variety (super-individual acts of speech or writing). Its phenomenon is not confined to one language ore one culture. •Establishment of the text style Text individual placed in foreground. Necessary semantic, syntactic and pragmatic analysis. 2) Phase of reverbalization Detailed analysis proceeding from the word, the syntagma, the phrase, the sentence, the section up to the entire text.

THESIS: - The text type determines the general method of translating - The text variety demands consideration for language and text structure conventions •NORMAL CASES a) If the SL text is written to convey contents, these should also be conveyed in the TL text Mode of translating: translation according to the sense and meaning (Implicit contents should be explicated in both texts). b) to convey artistic contents form the SL to the TL, these should be transmitted in an analaogously artistic organization  Translating by identification c) to convey persuasively structured contents in order to trigger off impulses of behavior  adaptive translating - Form and function of language signs do not show a relation of 1:1 so the same SL sequence may be represented in the TL by any other language sequence depending in text type, text variety or their function. •PROBLEMATIC CASES If elements of poetic language are used (loan structures  Hantsch 1972), they must be expressed in an analagously poetic form. If this is not possible without the loss of the unity of contents and artistic form, then retention of content > maintenance of an artistic form (puns and other kinds of play with language should be ignored) •SPECIAL CASES In changes of function the aim of the translating process is not anymore the attainment of a functionally TL text, but a TL text possessing a form which is adequate to the “foreign function.” “to what end and for whom is the text translated?” (Different aims for different situations)