Chapter 17 - Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding of Protestant churches.

Let’s remember…. What does reform mean? To change something that is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory Why were people losing faith in the church? Black plague, suffering, etc What was the attitude of people during the Renaissance period? Enjoy life, nature, and realism

Causes of the Reformation Church Authority Challenged Secularism, individualism of Renaissance challenge catholic Church authority Rulers challenge Church’s sole power over religion Printing press spreads secular ideas

Criticisms of the Catholic Church Corrupt leaders, extravagant (fancy) popes Poorly educated priests

Luther Challenges the Church The 95 Theses Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences Indulgence – a pardon releasing a person from sin Could buy your way to heaven if you had $$ In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking “pardon-merchants” Reformation rejects pope’s authority

95 Theses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IATyzSAjC1w

The Printing Press: Invented by Guttenberg Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press. Helping increase literacy (ability to read/write) Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide. Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OguFIxoTufk Printing press; source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Handtiegelpresse_von_1811.jpg

Luther’s Teachings People can win salvation by faith alone, not “good works” Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, NOT the pope ALL people with faith are equal, can interpret the Bible without priests

The Response to Luther The Pope’s Threat Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate Luther (1520) – kick out of church Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicated

Luther Stands Trial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDToORBcMT4

The Emperor’s Opposition Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor He issues Edict of Worms (1521), declaring Luther a heretic Luther and followers begin a separate religious group-Lutherans

England Becomes Protestant Henry VIII Wants a Son Henry has only daughter, needs male heir to rule England after he dies Henry wants a divorce Pope refuses to annul – set aside – his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon

The Reformation Parliament Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in England Henry remarries, becomes official head of England’s Church

Consequences of Henry’s Changes Henry has six wives and three children Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death (1547) Protestantism under King Edward, then Catholicism under Queen Mary

Catherine of Aragon Left by Henry when no male heir.

Anne Boleyn Married 1533 One of Catherine’s servants. In 1536, she’s accused of adultery and treason. Henry locks her up and has her executed. Her sister was a mistress of Henry’s. Henry was nice and got a skilled swordsman to behead her.

Jane Seymour Henry married her 11 days after Anne’s execution. She was one of Anne’s servants. Finally bears a male heir. Dies almost two weeks after the birth.

Anne of Cleaves Married in 1540 Was a political marriage for Henry. Once the political advantage was gone, Henry has the marriage annulled. She fares pretty well.

Catherine Howard 16 days later, he married Anne Boleyn’s cousin Henry was 49, and she was 19 Henry had gained a lot of weight and was in a lot of pain, while she was a free spirit Less than a year into the marriage, rumors of her infidelity began She was beheaded and laid to rest near her cousin, Anne Boleyn

Catherine Parr Married 1543 She survives Henry who dies in 1547.

Daughter will be “Bloody” Mary I 1553-1558 (Catholic). Henry’s Six Wives : Daughter will be “Bloody” Mary I 1553-1558 (Catholic). Catherine of Aragon 1509-1533 (divorced) Daughter Elizabeth I 1558-1603 (Protestant). Anne Boleyn 1533-1536 (beheaded) Son Edward VI 1547-1553 (sickly) King Henry VIII of England [1491-1547] He broke England’s ties to the Roman Catholic Church for political and personal reasons, not religious ones like Luther. Henry needed a male heir and his Catholic Spanish Queen Catherine of Aragon was not able to produce one. http://tudorhistory.org/wives/ Jane Seymour 1536-1537 (died) Anne of Cleves 1540 (divorced) Kathryn Howard 1540-1542 (beheaded) Kathrine Parr 1543-1548 (survived) 24