The SUNBIRD survey: Uncovering supernovae in LIRGs Erik Kool Macquarie University / AAO Supervisors: Stuart Ryder Richard McDermid Collaborators: Seppo Mattila Erkki Kankare Rubina Kotak Miguel Pérez-Torres Image processing courtesy Mischa Schirmer (Gemini Obs.)

Introduction Importance of Core-collapse Supernovae (CCSNe) Source of heavier elements Give rise to black holes and neutron stars Trigger cloud collapse Direct tracer massive star formation Layered massive star Collapse inert core Shock turned outward Material ejected Core collapse of a massive star (> 8M) (Illustration by R. J. Hall)

Supernova rate (SNR) measurements vs. prediction from SFR Introduction The “Supernova rate problem” Significant fraction of CCSNe go unseen Supernova rate (SNR) measurements vs. prediction from SFR (Horiuchi et al., 2011)

Introduction Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) LIR > 1011 L⊙, concentrated sites of star formation and dust Typical expected SNR of ~1/year, but not many found Fraction of SF in (U)LIRGs increases with redshift LIRG IRAS 19115-2124 “The Bird” (Väisänen et al., 2008)

Supernova detections in IRAS 18293-3413 SUNBIRD survey Supernovae Unmasked by InfraRed Detections NIR laser guide star adaptive optics (LGSAO) Triple our sample of LIRG CCSNe discoveries Provide meaningful constraints on missing CCSNe fraction NACO (2004) GSAOI (2013) Image subtraction Supernova detections in IRAS 18293-3413

Template light curve fits SN2010cu Method Observing strategy and analysis Epochs aligned and smoothed by convolution kernel Difference imaging, 3 month cadence Magnitudes fitted to templates Template light curve fits SN2010cu (Kankare et al., 2012)

Gemini South telescope Instruments GeMS/GSAOI on Gemini South Telescope 85” x 85” field of view Typical image quality 0.08” - 0.10” in Ks band NIRC2 on Keck II 40” x 40” field of view Typical image quality 0.06” - 0.08” in Ks band Gemini South telescope Keck telescopes

Results LGSAO data Epochs for 19 LIRGs, 9 with multiple epochs Three supernovae

Supernova detection in NGC 3110, March 2015 Results Supernova in NGC 3110 3.3 kpc off-nucleus (9”) Ks discovery magnitude: 18.8 ± 0.1 NACO (2013) GSAOI (March 2015) Subtraction Optical non-AO Supernova detection in NGC 3110, March 2015 (Kool et al., in prep)

Type IIP SN 1999em template lightcurve fit Results Supernova in NGC 3110 Best fit: Type IIP caught in tail phase AV extinction: ~5 mag Type IIP SN 1999em template lightcurve fit (Kool et al., in prep)

Supernova detection in IRAS 17138-1017, March 2015 Results Supernova in IRAS 17138-1017 550 pc off-nucleus (1.5”) Ks detection magnitude: 16.5 ± 0.05 Lightcurve poorly constrained GSAOI (2013) GSAOI (March 2015) Subtraction Optical non-AO Supernova detection in IRAS 17138-1017, March 2015 (Kool et al., in prep)

Future work NIR AO coverage Optical IFU Programs running on Gemini South and Keck SN statistics and detection efficiencies Optical IFU IFU observations with AAT/KOALA and ANU/WiFeS Local SN conditions: Local SFR, dust reddening, metallicity, merger kinematics