Animal Fodder-1

Roughages Roughages are plant material in a fresh dried or ensiled state which are bulky and fibrous in nature and normally contain higher percentage of crude fibre more than 18%. There are two types of roughages. Green Roughages Dry Roughages Concentrates

Green roughages Higher in moisture content Easily digestible Legume species- higher protein content Non-leguminous –low in protein content Green fodder Rabi and Kharif grown in Pakistan Rabbi-winter Fodders: Berseem, Oats, Barley, Mustard/rape, sugarcane. Kharif – Maize, sorghum, Millet, Mung, cow pea, Guar, sugar beet top

Grasses Elephant grasses Sudan grasses Rye grasses Para grasses Rangeland Fodder source include by products of some cash crops such as sugarcane top and sugar beet top.(medium type fodder) Different tree leaves used as fodder high in protein 10-22% and highly digestible.

Dry Roughages Hays, straws, stovers, and hulls. Hay is prepared by harvesting green forage during growing season and preserving it by drying for subsequent use during fodder scarcity periods. Hay is prepared from sorghum,millets, oats, grasses. Hay is considered good quality roughages.

Dry roughages Straws and stovers are mature dried plant. Consist of stem and leaves They are also referred as crop residues. Wheat straw is always feed to cattle and buffalo throught a year. Fodder scarcity periods Wheat straw, rice straw,barley straw, chick pea straw, moth and mung straw, soyabean straw,

Dry roughages Maize stover, sorghum stover, Straws and stovers are low in protein, high in fibre, less digestible, low in minerals and can not consumed in large quantities. They are classified as poor quality roughages. Feeding quality of stover is better than straws. Hulls are the outer hard covering of grains obtained as by product during seed processing.

Dry roughages Cotton seed hulls are commonly used. Seeds broken in processing are mixed with hulls and increase nutritive value of hulls. Rice hulls are abundantly available, but are extremely of poor quality.

Concentrates Feeds are high energy-protein , low in fibre and highly digestible. Cereal grain Wheat bran Rice polishing Molasses-sugarcane and sugarbeet molasses Sugar beet pulp

Concentrates Plant sources: Oil seed cake- cotton seed cake, mustard seed, maize oil, sunflower, Oils seed meal- cottonseed, soyabean, guar, maize gluten Maize gluten feed Maize gluten meal Animal source- Blood meal, Fish meal, Meat meal, Feather meal

Concentrates Grains-whole, crushed, ground Cereal grain by products- rice polishing, maize bran, wheat bran Rice polishing are used in monogastric animals. Used in ruminant feed Molasses- by product of sugar industry Used as free lick

Concentrates/Molasses It increase palatability. Consumption of poor quality roughhages Fats and oils contains 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates. Vegetable oil- .25-1 litre on weekly basis or monthly Oil cakes- when oil from seed is extracted Oil meal-by products of solvant extraction process Oil cake are low in protein and high in residual fat.

Concentrates Cotton seed cake Mustard/rape seed cake MSC- glucosides toxic to both ruminants and non-ruminants Young and pregnant animals are sensitive to glucosides. Cotton seed cake and cotton seed meal –gossypol which inhibits the action of some gastric enzymes

Sorghum/ Jawar

Sorghum/Jawar

Maize Plant

Maize/corn cob

Maize Stover

Berseem

Berseem

Oats

Lucerne-Alfaalfa

Brassica/mustard plant

Cowpea/LOBEA

Millets-bajra

Guar

Mott grass

Rye grasses

Sudangrass

Elephant grass

sugarcane

Sugar beet top

rangeland

Cotton Plant

Cotton seed cake

Mustard seed cake

Maize oil cake

Molasses