Bellwork Why are math and science so important? Why do you take so many exams? When did schools start offering classes in languages other than english? Who decides what should be taught in schools?

The Modern History of Education in America Chapter 4 The Modern History of Education in America

The Modern History of Education in America Each era’s historical events impact expectations of the educational system the public’s perception of it Some presidents have been more involved in educational policies, while others believe education should be left to individual states

For Discussion What modern event do you believe has most influenced the evolution of education? Why? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock.com

Objective Identify links between key federal education legislation and perceived threats to national security or prosperity during the 1940s and 1950s. © Daniel W. Slocum/Shutterstock.com

American Education During the 1940s and 1950s Factory, offices and classroom positions filled by women and African-Americans during WWII Veterans attended college or received training with federal money from the GI Bill The children of the baby boom created the need for more schools and teachers Photographs and stories of the Holocaust made people more aware of the tragic effects of prejudice Never before had so many women worked outside of the home Create a list of ways WWIIs impact on education still influences today’s education.

For Discussion Do you know anyone who was part of the baby boom? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock.com

Keeping America Competitive Americans feared Soviets’ technological advantage The tensions and competition increased between the Soviet Union and the U.S. and its allies The National Defense Education Act encouraged stronger math, science, and foreign language programs Homework requirements increased Americans were alarmed when the Soviets launched the first satelite, Sputnik Fear of Soviets education system focusing on math and science would make them advance ahead of us = military advantage. NDE Act provided funds to public and private schools for scientific equipment and college scholarships. Schools responded by requiring students to take additional math and science classes Homework increased in an effort to spur learning. Why were American’s so alarmed? Can this be compared to anything that is happening in the world today?

Objective Summarize the impact of the civil rights movement on American education, citing examples of ways this movement prompted improved educational opportunities for other groups. © Dave Newman/Shutterstock.com

Brown vs. the Board of Education Up to this point, schools were “separate but equal” The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of schools was unconstitutional Public schools were ordered to desegregate This ruling was critical to the civil rights movement African American schools were not equal in funding. How so? Materials were usually outdated and passed down /left overs from white schools. Who could teach in AA schools? Some schools desegregated immediately, others found ways to delay it. (Tupelo High)

Behaviorism Educators embrace B. F. Skinner’s theory of behaviorism—the belief that how a person behaves is determined by that person’s experiences Appropriate behavior and achievement are rewarded; punishments are common By controlling the classroom environment and experiences, they could produce educated, well-behaved students Gold stickers Punishment Widely accepted in edu Show Big Bang Theory Examples of Behaviorism

Bellwork Describe how integrated classrooms may have looked in the early days of desegregation.

American Education During the 1960s Teenage baby boomers question conservatism of 1950s and challenged those values Political turmoil, assassinations, and the civil rights movement were all happening Educational freedom spurred innovative, creative ideas for improvement The most significant changes impacted students’ economic and educational disadvantages Baby boomers were teenagers JFK president Armstrong on moon in 1969 Vitenam War J Kennedy, MLK, and Robert Kennedy all assassinated Civil rights movement- I Have a Dream Speech Spurred other groups to work for their own equality- women, native americans, hispanics, disabilities

The Civil Rights Act Many schools continued to educate children separately The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation in public schools and public places I Have a Dream Speech Civil Rights Movement spurred equality for ALL- women, hispanic, native american, disabilities Act formally outlawed segregation in schools and public places © Junial Enterprises/Shutterstock.com

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act President Lyndon Johnson The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 sought to improve schools most in need give federal money to schools where poor children were enrolled equalize educational opportunities

Project Head Start Project Head Start was designed to help preschool children from low-income families develop skills needed for school success to be less likely to develop academic problems later continued

Project Head Start Today, Head Start programs may be coordinated with other programs, such as all-day child care high-quality preschool environments © Robert Knescheke/Shutterstock.com

For Reflection Why do you think so much of the civil rights movement involved education? © Archipoch/Shutterstock.com

American Education During the 1970s Divorce rate, number of single parents rise More women enter the workforce Unemployment, inflation rise Oil crisis raised prices Less disposable income means schools have less funding Why did more women enter the workforce? Every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service

Desegregation and Busing Desegregation at the school level had not solved unequal education Neighborhood schools tended to be divided by race Forced integration led to busing students to different schools but did not necessarily help make schools equal

Bilingual Education The Supreme Court granted bilingual education to Spanish-speaking students Language was a barrier to equal education Schools were ordered to provide basic English language classes for those with limited English skills Texas school ordered to combine spanish and english school- all students taught both languages

Gender Equity The Equal Opportunity in Education Act prohibited discrimination based on gender in all programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance Title 9 with sports in schools- every male sport was allowed for females too Prior- women held different jobs than men. Even in comparable positions, women were paid less than men. 1970- women earned 59 cents for every dollar men earned 1978- more women enrolled in college than men © Rob Marmiom/Shutterstock.com

Children with Disabilities In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act This act guaranteed free education for children with disabilities mandated education must be appropriate and take place in the least restrictive environment Prior- children were segregated in special rooms. Students with disabilities had the opportunity to e educated with non-disabled peers to the greatest extent appropriate continued

Children with Disabilities Children with disabilities are now able to spend at least part of their days in regular classrooms © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock.com

Objective Evaluate the impact of educational reforms of the 1970s and 1980s on teachers and students. © iofoto/Shutterstock.com

American Education During the 1980s Presidents Reagan and Bush believed the federal government’s role in education should be reduced Consumerism increased Baby boomers begin raising families

The Back-to-Basics Movement A Nation at Risk, a federal report, showed that the U.S. was falling behind other countries in business, science, and technology Millions of Americans were illiterate The back-to-basics movement called for emphasis on reading, writing, and math

For Discussion How is the back-to-basics movement significantly different from education today? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock.com

Objective Identify how educational changes in the 1990s and 2000s continue to shape education today. © iofoto/Shutterstock.com

American Education During the 1990s and Beyond Technology played a major role Good economy, low unemployment Major challenges: Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, leading to war Financial crisis that began in 2008 and affected the global economy

The Computer Revolution Until the mid-1990s, computers were not in the classrooms © Roxanne McMillen/Shutterstock.com continued

The Computer Revolution Computers became less expensive, more available, and essential Ability to use computers skillfully became a key career skill Education is available to the student at a convenient time and place

Educational Standards and Accountability Educational standards help bring uniformity to education Teacher associations developed national standards for various subject areas Competency-based education provides an objective way of evaluating learning continued

Educational Standards and Accountability Setting standards led to a move toward accountability Standardized tests can help compare students’ performance from different schools determine which programs are working

For Reflection Do you think standardized tests truly measure student achievement? Why or why not? © Archipoch/Shutterstock.com

Goals 2000 Goals 2000 Act of 1994 established six educational goals to be reached by the year 2000 Implementation was left to states and local school districts

No Child Left Behind Act Goal: to improve the performance of U.S. schools Components include increased accountability more choices for parents choosing schools increased focus on reading continued

No Child Left Behind Act Receipt of federal funds is tied to school performance © moshimochi/Shutterstock.com continued

No Child Left Behind Act Schools that succeed in meeting standards receive more money Parents can move children to higher-achieving schools What do you think is wrong with this act? © Darrin Henry/Shutterstock.com continued

No Child Left Behind Act Concerns: Schools already behind would become even more poorly funded Teachers would spend most of their time preparing students for standardized tests Some states established more charter schools

Competing in the Global Economy Concerns that the U.S. is losing its competitive edge American jobs shifting to foreign workers Math and science scores are falling Many students do not complete high school continued

Competing in the Global Economy Remaining competitive depends on a skilled and well-educated workforce © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com

Career Clusters Career clusters help prepare students to succeed in the workplace Sixteen general areas with related career opportunities and essential knowledge and skill requirements Educators use clusters and pathways to develop curriculum and programs of study continued

Career Clusters The Career Clusters icons are being used with permission of: States’ Career Cluster Initiative, 2008, www.careertech.org

Key Points 1940s: War created job opportunities for women, African-Americans 1950s: Cold War prompted emphasis on science, technology, and foreign language education 1960s: The Civil Rights Act; focus on special educational needs of children living in poverty continued

Key Points 1970s: Busing, bilingual education, equality for genders, education for children with disabilities 1980s: Concern over lack of basic skills 1990s and later: Concern over America’s ability to compete; emphasis on standards, accountability; budget concerns

Review What was the result of the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas? Racial segregation violated the Constitution, and public schools were ordered to desegregate. Why was busing started? Neighborhoods tended to be divided by race, so schools were not desegregating. continued

Review What are educational standards? Guidelines defining what students at various levels should know and be able to do What educational reform act was passed in 2001 with the goal to improve the performance of schools in the U.S.? No Child Left Behind Act continued

Review What are career pathways? Subcategories of career options within each career cluster What is the purpose of programs of study? To prepare students for successful transition from high school to postsecondary education/credentialing and employment