Foundations of Individual Behavior

Individual Behaviour Biographical characteristics Types of ability Shape the behavior of others Examine four schedules of reinforcement Clarify the role of punishment in learning

Biographical Characteristics Age

Biographical Characteristics Gender

Biographical Characteristics Marital Status

Biographical Characteristics Tenure

Intellectual Abilities Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Memory ability

Basic Physical Abilities Strength Factors Other Factors Flexibility Factors

The Ability-Job Fit Abilities of the employee Requirements of the job

Classical Conditioning

Social Learning Theory Learn by observing others and through direct experiences Models have influence when the following processes occur: Attentional Recognize Retention Remember Motor Reproduction Do Reinforcement Get rewarded

Methods of Shaping Behavior Negative Reinforcement Positive Methods of Shaping Behavior Extinction Punishment

Types of Reinforcement Continuous Intermittent Reinforces desired behavior often enough to make behavior worth repeating Reinforces desired behavior every time

Horse walk……. Akbar’s Handicap horse

Schedules of Reinforcement Interval Ratio Fixed- Interval Fixed- Ratio Fixed Variable- Ratio Variable- Interval Variable

Behavior Modification Critical behaviors Baseline data Behavioral consequences Intervention strategy Performance improvement

Organizational Applications Lotteries to reduce absenteeism Well pay versus sick pay Training programs Mentoring programs

Individual Behaviour Perception

Factors That Can Influence Perception The Situation Perceiver Target

Old Lady December in Pune is always very cold. Old women need to wear Sweater. A little cute girl.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our personal world has stability. 1. There is an enduring aspect to our experience. 2. We seek some consistency in our world. 3. Constancies - see the same person as the same even with changes in clothing, hair color, size, and circumstances. 4. The perceptual act is a complex form of problem solving the goal of which is to create stability.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our perceptual world is meaningful 1. Meaningful in the sense that the structure and stable events are not isolated from one another but are related over time. 2. Thus experience is meaningful because it is structured and stable and we realize that events have implications for one another.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES: Our perceptual world is meaningful 3. Perceptual set is the primary influence in the individual perception process a) Cultural expectations b) Motivation c) Mood d) Attitude 4. Other factors influencing perception meaningful are: a) Past experience b) Language c) Goals for the future

Person perception, the process of perceiving other individuals and the self, differs from object in some ways, but is also similar in some ways.

Special features of person perception The two characteristics [causal & similar] lead us to perceive social interactions as dynamic interactions of “caused” behavior.